Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages

Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
Geographic
distribution
Bali and West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
  • Malayo-Polynesian
    • Malayo-Sumbawan (?)
      • Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
Glottologbali1277

The Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages are a group of closely related languages spoken in Indonesia in the western Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali and West Nusa Tenggara). The three languages are Balinese on Bali, Sasak on Lombok, and Sumbawa on western Sumbawa.[1]

  • Balinese
  • Sasak–Sumbawa

These languages have similarities with Javanese, which several classifications have taken as evidence of a relationship between them. However, the similarities are with the "high" registers (formal language/royal speech) of Balinese and Sasak; when the "low" registers (commoner speech) are considered, the connection appears instead to be with Madurese and Malay. (See Malayo-Sumbawan languages.)

The position of the Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages within the Malayo-Polynesian languages is unclear. Adelaar (2005) assigned them to a larger "Malayo-Sumbawan" subgroup, [2] but this proposal remains controversial.[3][4]

Languages

Language Native name Historical script Modern script Number of speakers (in millions) Native region
Balinese Basa Bali
ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ
Balinese script Latin script 3.3 (2000) Bali, Lombok, Java
Sasak Base Sasak
ᬪᬵᬲᬵᬲᬓ᭄ᬱᬓ᭄
Balinese script Latin script 2.7 (2010) Lombok
Sumbawa ᨈᨘ ᨔᨆᨓ
Basa Samawa
Lontara script Latin script 300,000 (1989) Sumbawa

References

  1. ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 1–42.
  2. ^ Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "Malayo-Sumbawan". Oceanic Linguistics. 44 (2): 357–388. JSTOR 3623345.
  3. ^ Blust, Robert (2010). "The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 49 (1): 44–118. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0060. JSTOR 40783586.
  4. ^ Smith, Alexander D. (December 2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2). University of Hawai'i Press: 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.
  • v
  • t
  • e
Rukaic
Tsouic
Northern
Atayalic
Northwest
Formosan
East
Kavalanic
Ami
Siraiyac
Southern ?
Philippine
(linkage) ?
Batanic (Bashiic)
Northern Luzon
Cagayan Valley
Meso-Cordilleran
Central Cordilleran
Southern Cordilleran
Central Luzon
Sambalic
Northern Mindoro
Greater Central
Philippine
Southern Mindoro
Central Philippine
Tagalogic
Bikol
Bisayan
Mansakan
(unclassified)
  • Ata †
Palawanic
Subanen
Danao
Manobo
Gorontalo–Mongondow
Kalamian
Bilic
Sangiric
Minahasan
Other branches
Manide–Alabat
Greater Barito *
Barito
Sama–Bajaw
Greater
North Borneo *
North Borneo *
Northeast Sabah *
Southwest Sabah *
Greater
Dusunic *
Bisaya–Lotud
Dusunic
Paitanic
Greater
Murutic *
Murutic
North Sarawak *
Central Sarawak
Kayanic
Land Dayak
Malayo–Chamic *
Aceh–Chamic
Iban–Malayan
Ibanic
Sundanese
Rejang ?
Moklenic ?
Sumatran *
Northwest Sumatra
–Barrier Islands
Batak
Lampungic
Javanese
Madurese
Bali–Sasak
–Sumbawa
Celebic
Bungku–Tolaki
Muna–Buton
Saluan–Banggai
Tomini–Tolitoli *
Kaili–Wolio *
Kaili–Pamona
Wotu–Wolio
South Sulawesi
Bugis
Makassar
Seko–Badaic *
Seko
Badaic
Northern
Massenrempulu
Pitu Ulunna Salu
Toraja
Isolates
Bima
Sumba–Flores
Sumba–Hawu
Savu
Sumba
Western Flores
Flores–Lembata
Lamaholot
Selaru
Kei–Tanimbar ?
Aru
Timoric *
Central Timor *
Wetar–Galoli ?
Kawaimina
Luangic–Kisaric ?
Rote–Meto
Babar
Southwest Maluku
Kowiai ?
Central Maluku *
West
East
Nunusaku
Piru Bay ?
SHWNG
Halmahera Sea
Ambel–Biga
Maya–Matbat
Maden
As
South Halmahera
Cenderawasih
Biakic
Yapen
Southwest
Oceanic
Admiralty
Eastern
Western
Saint Matthias
Temotu
Utupua
Vanikoro
Reefs–Santa Cruz
Southeast
Solomonic
Gela–Guadalcanal
Malaita–
San Cristobal
Western
Oceanic
Meso–
Melanesian
Willaumez
Bali-Vitu
New Ireland–
Northwest
Solomonic
Tungag–Nalik
Tabar
Madak
St. George
Northwest
Solomonic
North
New Guinea
Sarmi–
Jayapura ?
Schouten
Huon Gulf
Ngero–Vitiaz
Papuan Tip
Nuclear
Kilivila–Misima
Nimoa–Sudest
Southern
Oceanic
North
Vanuatu
Torres–Banks
Maewo–Ambae–
North Pentecost
South Pentecost
Espiritu Santo
Nuclear
Southern
Oceanic
Central
Vanuatu
Epi
Malakula
South Vanuatu
Erromango
Tanna
Loyalties–
New Caledonia
Loyalty Islands
New Caledonian
Southern
Northern
Micronesian
Nuclear
Micronesian
Chuukic–
Pohnpeic
Chuukic
Pohnpeic
Central
Pacific
West
East
Polynesian
Nuclear
Polynesian
Samoic
Eastern
Futunic
Tongic
  • * indicates proposed status
  • ? indicates classification dispute
  • † indicates extinct status