Manggarai language
Austronesian language spoken in Flores, Indonesia
| Manggarai | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Flores |
| Ethnicity | Manggarai |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 900,000)[1] |
Language family | Austronesian
|
Writing system | Latin |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mqy |
| Glottolog | mang1405 Manggarai |
The Manggarai language (tombo Manggarai, Indonesian: bahasa Manggarai) is the language of the Manggarai people from the western parts of the island of Flores, in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.
Background
Manggarai is the native language of the Manggarai people of Flores island in East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Based on statistical data reported by the Central Agency on Statistics (BPS) in 2009, it is the native language of more than 730,000 people in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.[2]
Outside Flores, there was once a small minority of Manggarai-speaking people in the village of Manggarai located in the eastern part of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. Formerly a neighbourhood in the capital with a large concentration of transmigrant workers from the Greater Manggarai region of Nusa Tenggara Timur, the neighbourhood's populace today from the said area has been decreasing (due to factors such as return to their ancestral village, intermarriage with different ethnic groups, etc.) for it is now populated by the majority native Betawi ethnic group.
The Manggarai language is part of the Austronesian family, and is therefore related to Indonesian and other Malay varieties. Most speakers of Manggarai also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes and to communicate with non-Manggarai Indonesians (including citizens of the same province from different diverse ethnic groups). Riung is often considered a dialect of Maranggai or a separate language.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| prenasal vl. | ᵐp | ⁿt | ⁿtʃ | ᵑk | ||
| prenasal vd. | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿdʒ | ᵑɡ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Fricative | v | s | h | |||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | j | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
Citations
- ^ Manggarai at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ^ This data include statistics for the population of the Regency of Greater Manggarai on Flores island, which consists of three districts: Manggarai district, West Manggarai district, and East Manggarai district.
- ^ Verheijen & Grimes (1995), p. 586
- ^ Verheijen & Grimes (1995), p. 587
References
- Verheijen, J. A. J.; Grimes, C. E. (1995). "Manggarai". In Tryon, D.T. (ed.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austroneasian Studies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 585–592.
- Burger, P. Adolf (1946). "Voorlopige Manggaraise Spraakkunst". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). 103 (1/2): 15–265. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001214. JSTOR 20770777.
- Semiun, Agustinus (2019). "A Study on the Address and Kinship Terms in Kempo Speech of Manggarai Language in West Flores Indonesia". 4: 108–117.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Verheijen, J.A.J. (1982). Dictionary of Manggarai Plant Names. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-d43. hdl:1885/144388. ISBN 978-0-85883-273-2.
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| Flores–Lembata |
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| Selaru | |||||||||||||||||
| Kei–Tanimbar ? | |||||||||||||||||
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| Timoric * |
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| Kowiai ? | |||||||||||||||||
| Central Maluku * |
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
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