Saka

Saka, šaka ili sake (staropersijski: Sakā; brahmanski: Śaka, sanskritski: शक, Śaka; starogrčki: Σάκαι, Sákai; latinski: Sacae; kineski: 塞, staro *Sək, mod. Sāi, egipatski: 𓐠𓎼𓋴𓎡𓈙/sꜣgskš) bili su grupe nomadskih iranskih naroda koji su istorijski naseljavali severne i istočne Evroazijske stepe i Tarimske kotline.^[2]^[3]

Mada su usko povezani, Sake treba razlikovati od Skita iz Pontijskih stepa i Masageta iz oblasti Aralskog mora.^[3]^[4]^[5] Oni čine deo širih skitskih kultura.^[6] Kao i Skiti, Saka su ultimatlo proistekli iz ranije andronovske kulture. Njihov jezik bio je deo skitskih jezika. Istaknuti arheološki ostaci Saka uključuju Arzhan, Paziričke grobnice, Isik kurgan, Saka Kurganske grobnice, humke iz Tasmola i eventualno Tilija Tepe.

U 2. veku p. n. e., mnogi pripadnici naroda Sake su usled napada Juedža prebegli iz stepa u Sogdiju i Baktriju, a zatim na severozapad Indijskog potkontinenta, gde su bili poznati kao Indo-Skiti.^[7]^[8]^[9] Drugi pripadnici naroda Saka su napali Partsko carstvo i na kraju su se nastanili u Sistanu, dok su drugi verovatno prešli u Dijan Kraljevstvo u Junanu u Kini. U Tarimskoj kotlini i pustinji Takla Makan severozapadne Kine, oni su se naselili u Kotanu, Jarkandu, Kašgaru i drugim mestima, koja su u raznim vremenima bila vazalna većim silama, poput Han Kine i Tang Kine.^[10]

Reference

^ Chang, Claudia (2017). Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads (на језику: енглески). Routledge. стр. 72. ISBN 9781351701587.
^ Beckwith 2009, стр. 68 "Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin"
^ ^а ^б Dandamayev 1994, стр. 37 "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
^ Kramrisch, Stella. „Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Приступљено 1. 9. 2018. „The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.”
^ Bruno & David 2018 harvnb грешка: no target: CITEREFBrunoDavid2018 (help) "Horse-riding nomadism has been referred to as the culture of 'Early Nomads'. This term encompasses different ethnic groups (such as Scythians, Saka, Massagetae, and Yuezhi)..."
^ Unterländer, Martina (3. 3. 2017). „Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe”. Nature Communications. 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. PMC 5337992 . PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. „During the first millennium BCE, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture...”
^ Benjamin, Craig (mart 2003). „The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia”. Ērān ud Anērān Webfestschrift Marshak. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 02. 2015. г. Приступљено 1. 3. 2015.
^ „Chinese History – Sai 塞 The Saka People or Soghdians”. Chinaknowledge. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 1. 2015. г. Приступљено 1. 3. 2015.
^ Beckwith 2009, стр. 85 "The Saka, or Śaka, people then began their long migration that ended with their conquest of northern India, where they are also known as the Indo-Scythians."
^ Sinor 1990, стр. 173–174

Literatura

Akiner (28 October 2013). Cultural Change & Continuity In Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-15034-0.
Bailey, H. W. 1958. "Languages of the Saka." Handbuch der Orientalistik, I. Abt., 4. Bd., I. Absch., Leiden-Köln. 1958.
Bailey, H. W. (1979). Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge University Press. 1979. 1st Paperback edition 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-14250-2.
Baumer, Christoph (2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1780760605.
Beckwith, Christopher. (1987). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05494-0.
Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691135892.
Bernard, P. (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia". In Harmatta, János. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 96–126. ISBN 92-3-102846-4.
Bailey, H.W. (1996) "Khotanese Saka Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater (ed), The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 2 (reprint edition), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chang, Chun-shu. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-11534-1.
Dandamayev, M. A. (1. 1. 1994). „Media and Achaemenid Iran”. Ур.: Harmatta, János. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250. UNESCO. стр. 35—59. ISBN 9231028464. Приступљено 29. 5. 2015.
David, Bruno; Ian J., McNiven (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190607357.
Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. 2002. Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines. Warner Books, New York. 1st Trade printing, 2003. ISBN 0-446-67983-6 (pbk).
Di Cosmo, Nicola (2004). Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521543827.
Day, John V. (2001). Indo-European origins: the anthropological evidence. Institute for the Study of Man. ISBN 0-941694-75-5. Приступљено 2. 3. 2015.
Bulletin of the Asia Institute: The Archaeology and Art of Central Asia. Studies From the Former Soviet Union. New Series. Edited by B. A. Litvinskii and Carol Altman Bromberg. Translation directed by Mary Fleming Zirin. Vol. 8, (1994), pp. 37–46.
Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater (ed), The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1 (reprint edition) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 265–266.
Harmatta, János (1. 1. 1994). „Conclusion”. Ур.: Harmatta, János. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250. UNESCO. стр. 485—492. ISBN 9231028464. Приступљено 29. 5. 2015.
Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.
Kuzmina, Elena Kuzmina (2007). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004160545.
Kuzmina, Elena Kuzmina (2008). The Prehistory of the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812240412.
de Laet, Sigfried J.; Herrmann, Joachim (1996). History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. UNESCO. ISBN 923102812X.
Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (2006). Les Saces (на језику: French). Editions Errance. ISBN 2877723372. CS1 одржавање: Непрепознат језик (веза)
Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (2007). Les Nomades (на језику: French). Editions Errance. ISBN 978-2877722544. CS1 одржавање: Непрепознат језик (веза)
Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 103–222. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
Mallory, J.P.; Mair, Victor H. (2008). The Tarim mummies : ancient China and the mystery of the earliest peoples from the West (1st pbk. изд.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500283721.
Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231139241.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1970. "The Wu-sun and Sakas and the Yüeh-chih Migration." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 33 (1970), pp. 154–160.
Puri, B. N. 1994. "The Sakas and Indo-Parthians." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 191–207.
Sulimirski, Tadeusz (1970). The Sarmatians. Volume 73 of Ancient peoples and places. New York: Praeger. pp. 113–114. "The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North India."
Theobald, Ulrich. (26 November 2011). "Chinese History - Sai 塞 The Saka People or Soghdians." ChinaKnowledge.de. Accessed 2 September 2016.
Thomas, F. W. 1906. "Sakastana." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1906), pp. 181–216.
Torday, Laszlo. (1997). Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. Durham: The Durham Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-900838-03-0.
Sinor, Denis (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521243041.
Tremblay, Xavier (2007), "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century", in The Spread of Buddhism, eds Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacker, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
Xue, Zongzheng (薛宗正). (1992). History of the Turks (突厥史). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-5004-0432-3; OCLC 28622013.
Yu, Taishan. 1998. A Study of Saka History. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 80. July, 1998. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
Yu, Taishan. 2000. A Hypothesis about the Source of the Sai Tribes. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 106. September, 2000. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
Yu, Taishan (June 2010), "The Earliest Tocharians in China" in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations.
Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 377-462. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.
Wechsler, Howard J.; Twitchett, Dennis C. (1979). Denis C. Twitchett; John K. Fairbank, eds. The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–227. ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9.
West, Barbara A. (1. 1. 2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438119137. Приступљено 18. 1. 2015.

Spoljašnje veze

Saka на Викимедијиној остави.

Scythians/Sacae Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (12. новембар 2013) by Jona Lendering
Article by Kivisild et al. on genetic heritage of early Indian settlers Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (27. јун 2007)