Penjenayahan kehomoseksualan

Beberapa atau semua perbuatan seksual antara lelaki, dan kurang kerap antara wanita, telah diklasifikasikan sebagai kesalahan jenayah di pelbagai wilayah. Selalunya, undang-undang sebegitu tidak dikuatkuasakan berkenaan dengan kelakuan sesama jenis secara suka sama suka, tetapi ia menyumbang kepada gangguan polis, stigmatisasi dan keganasan terhadap orang homoseksual dan biseksual. Kesan lain termasuk memburukkan lagi wabak HIV disebabkan penjenayah lelaki yang melakukan hubungan seks dengan lelaki, tidak menggalakkan mereka mendapatkan rawatan pencegahan atau rawatan untuk jangkitan HIV.

Rujukan

Sumber

Buku

  • Asal, Victor; Sommer, Udi (2016). Legal Path Dependence and the Long Arm of the Religious State: Sodomy Provisions and Gay Rights across Nations and over Time (dalam bahasa Inggeris). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6325-4.
  • Braun, Téa (2020). "Dignity in Diversity: Dismantling the Criminalisation of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Using the Right to Dignity". Human Dignity and International Law (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Brill. m/s. 138–153. ISBN 9789004435650.
  • Claassen, Cheryl; Ammon, Laura (2022). Religion in Sixteenth-Century Mexico: A Guide to Aztec and Catholic Beliefs and Practices (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-51838-0.
  • Dynes, Wayne R.; Donaldson, Stephen (1992). Homosexuality: Discrimination, Criminology, and the Law (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Garland Pub. ISBN 978-0-8153-0551-4.
  • El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2009). Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800 (dalam bahasa Inggeris). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-72990-9.
  • George, Robert P. (1995). "Social Cohesion and the Legal Enforcement of Morals: A Reconsideration of the Hart—Devlin Debate". Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public Morality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826024-0.
  • Giles, Geoffrey J. (2010). "The Persecution of Gay Men and Lesbians During the Third Reich". The Routledge History of the Holocaust. Routledge. m/s. 385–396. ISBN 978-0-203-83744-3.
  • Goldberg, Naomi G.; Mallory, Christy; Hasenbush, Amira; Stemple, Lara; Meyer, Ilan H. (2019). "Police and the Criminalization of LGBT People". The Cambridge Handbook of Policing in the United States. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 374–391. ISBN 978-1-108-42055-6.
  • Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa". Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law. ISBN 9781788111157.
  • Han, Enze; O'Mahoney, Joseph (2018). British Colonialism and the Criminalization of Homosexuality: Queens, Crime and Empire (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-25618-6.
  • Kane, Melinda D. (2015). "Decriminalizing Homosexuality: Gaining Rights through Sodomy Law Reform". The Ashgate Research Companion to Lesbian and Gay Activism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-61314-7.
  • Kaoma, Kapya (2018). Christianity, Globalization, and Protective Homophobia: Democratic Contestation of Sexuality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-66341-8.
  • Khan, Tawseef (2019). "Sexual orientation and refugee law: how do legal sanctions criminalizing homosexuality engage the definition of persecution?". Research Handbook on International Refugee Law. Edward Elgar Publishing. m/s. 310–323. ISBN 978-0-85793-281-5.
  • Kurimay, Anita (2020). Queer Budapest, 1873-1961 (dalam bahasa Inggeris). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70579-8.
  • Marhoefer, Laurie (2015). Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis (dalam bahasa Inggeris). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1957-9.
  • Rich, Timothy; Dahmer, Andi; Eliassen, Isabel (2020). "Historical Views of Homosexuality: Asia". The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Oxford University Press.
  • Sibalis, Michael David (1996). "The Regulation of Male Homosexuality in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, 1789–1815". Homosexuality in Modern France. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509303-2.
  • Theobald, Michael (2021). "Paul and Same-Sex Sexuality". "Who Am I to Judge?": Homosexuality and the Catholic Church (dalam bahasa Inggeris). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-070518-8.
  • Tobin, Robert Deam (2015). Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex (dalam bahasa Inggeris). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4742-8.
  • Tolino, Serena (2020). "LGBTQI Rights in the Middle East and North Africa". The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of the Middle East (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-008748-7.
  • Virgili, Tommaso (2021). Islam, Constitutional Law and Human Rights: Sexual Minorities And Freethinkers In Egypt And Tunisia (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-53509-3.
  • Vleugel, Vincent (2020). Culture in the State Reporting Procedure of the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies: How the HRC, the CESCR and the CEDAWCee Use Human Rights as a Sword to Protect and Promote Culture, and as a Shield to Protect Against Harmful Culture (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Intersentia. ISBN 978-1-83970-006-4.
  • Whisnant, Clayton J. (2016). Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945 (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-939594-10-5.
  • Zollner, Barbara (2010). "Mithliyyun or Lutiyyun? Neo-orthodoxy and the debate on the unlawfulness of same-sex relations in Islam". Islam and Homosexuality (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ABC-CLIO. m/s. 193–222. ISBN 978-0-313-37903-1.

Journal articles

  • Alexander, Rustam (2018). "Soviet Legal and Criminological Debates on the Decriminalization of Homosexuality (1965–75)". Slavic Review (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 77 (1): 30–52. doi:10.1017/slr.2018.9. ISSN 0037-6779.
  • Anabtawi, Samer (2022). "Snatching Legal Victory: LGBTQ Rights Activism and Contestation in the Arab World". Arab Law Quarterly. 36 (4–5): 383–421. doi:10.1163/15730255-bja10112. ISSN 1573-0255. S2CID 250513376 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan).
  • Arimoro, Augustine Edobor (2021). "Interrogating the Criminalisation of Same-Sex Sexual Activity: A Study of Commonwealth Africa". Liverpool Law Review (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 42 (3): 379–399. doi:10.1007/s10991-021-09280-5. ISSN 1572-8625.
  • Arreola, Sonya; Santos, Glenn-Milo; Beck, Jack; Sundararaj, Mohan; Wilson, Patrick A.; Hebert, Pato; Makofane, Keletso; Do, Tri D.; Ayala, George (2015). "Sexual Stigma, Criminalization, Investment, and Access to HIV Services Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Worldwide". AIDS and Behavior (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 19 (2): 227–234. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0869-x. ISSN 1573-3254. PMID 25086670.
  • Awondo, Patrick (2016). "Religious Leadership and the Re-Politicisation of Gender and Sexuality in Cameroon". Journal of Theology for Southern Africa.
  • Beachy, Robert (2010). "The German Invention of Homosexuality". The Journal of Modern History. 82 (4): 801–838. doi:10.1086/656077.
  • Cichowitz, Cody; Rubenstein, Leonard; Beyrer, Chris (2018). "Forced anal examinations to ascertain sexual orientation and sexual behavior: An abusive and medically unsound practice". PLOS Medicine (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 15 (3): e1002536. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002536. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 5856262. PMID 29547659.
  • Dupont, Wannes (2019). "Pas de deux, out of step: Diverging chronologies of homosexuality's (de)criminalisation in the Low Countries". Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies. 22 (4): 321–338. doi:10.5117/TVGN2019.4.001.DUPO.
  • Fize, William (2020). "The Homosexual Exception? The Case of the Labouchère Amendment". Cahiers victoriens et édouardiens (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (91 Printemps). doi:10.4000/cve.7597. ISSN 0220-5610.
  • Goodman, Ryan (2001). "Beyond the Enforcement Principle: Sodomy Laws, Social Norms, and Social Panoptics". California Law Review. 89 (3): 643–740. doi:10.2307/3481180. JSTOR 3481180.
  • Gupta, Kamil (2012). "The Global Decriminalization of Homosexuality". Criminal Law & Justice Weekly. 176 (43): 614. ISSN 1741-4555.
  • Hagopian, Amy; Rao, Deepa; Katz, Aaron; Sanford, Sallie; Barnhart, Scott (2017). "Anti-homosexual legislation and HIV-related stigma in African nations: what has been the role of PEPFAR?". Global Health Action. 10 (1): 1306391. doi:10.1080/16549716.2017.1306391. PMC 5496073. PMID 28580879.
  • Haskins, Susan (2014). "The influence of Roman laws regarding same-sex acts on homophobia in Africa". African Human Rights Law Journal. 14 (2): 393–411. hdl:10520/EJC165015.
  • Hildebrandt, Achim (2014). "Routes to decriminalization: A comparative analysis of the legalization of same-sex sexual acts". Sexualities. 17 (1–2): 230–253. doi:10.1177/1363460713511105.
  • Hildebrandt, Achim; Trüdinger, Eva-Maria; Wyss, Dominik (2019). "The Missing Link? Modernization, Tolerance, and Legislation on Homosexuality". Political Research Quarterly. 72 (3): 539–553. doi:10.1177/1065912918797464.
  • Karimi, Ahmad; Bayatrizi, Zohreh (2019). "Dangerous positions: Male homosexuality in the new penal code of Iran". Punishment & Society. 21 (4): 417–434. doi:10.1177/1462474518787465.
  • Leckey, Robert (2020). "'Repugnant': Homosexuality and Criminal Family Law". University of Toronto Law Journal. 70 (3): 225–244. doi:10.3138/utlj.2019-0051.
  • Lemke, Richard (2020). "The association of the availability of offline gay scenes and national tolerance of homosexuality with gay and bisexual men's sexual online dating behavior". Computers in Human Behavior. 104: 106172. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106172. S2CID 210443272.
  • Linhart, Karin M. (2005). "Decriminalization of Homosexuality and Its Effects on Family Rights: A German-US-American Comparison". German Law Journal. 6 (6): 943–965. doi:10.1017/S2071832200014048.
  • McEwen, Haley (2019). "Suspect sexualities: contextualizing rumours of homosexuality within colonial histories of population control". Critical African Studies. 11 (3): 266–284. doi:10.1080/21681392.2019.1670701.
  • Mignot, Jean-François (2022). "Decriminalizing homosexuality: A global overview since the 18th century". Annales de démographie historique (143): 115–133. doi:10.3917/adh.143.0115. ISSN 0066-2062. S2CID 255738809 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan).
  • Ozsoy, Elif Ceylan (2021). "Decolonizing Decriminalization Analyses: Did the Ottomans Decriminalize Homosexuality in 1858?". Journal of Homosexuality. 68 (12): 1979–2002. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1715142. hdl:10871/120331. PMID 32069182.
  • Schwartz, Sheree R, dll. (2015). "The immediate effect of the Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act on stigma, discrimination, and engagement on HIV prevention and treatment services in men who have sex with men in Nigeria: analysis of prospective data from the TRUST cohort". The Lancet HIV. 2 (7): e299–e306. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00078-8. PMC 4481876. PMID 26125047.
  • Schwartz, Michael (2021). "Homosexuelle im modernen Deutschland: Eine Langzeitperspektive auf historische Transformationen" [Homosexuals in Modern Germany: A Long-Term Perspective on Historical Transformations]. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 69 (3): 377–414. doi:10.1515/vfzg-2021-0028.
  • Seckinelgin, Hakan (2018). "Same-sex lives between the language of international LGBT rights, international aid, and anti-homosexuality" (PDF). Global Social Policy. 18 (3): 284–303. doi:10.1177/1468018118795989.
  • Seo, Hyeon-Jae (2017). "Origins and Consequences of Uganda's Brutal Homophobia". Harvard International Review. 38 (3): 44–47. ISSN 0739-1854.
  • Sinclair, Ken; Ross, Michael W. (1986). "Consequences of Decriminalization of Homosexuality: A Study of Two Australian States". Journal of Homosexuality. 12 (1): 119–127. doi:10.1300/J082v12n01_07. PMID 3841666.
  • Strenski, Ivan (2020). "On the Jesuit-Maronite Provenance of Lebanon's Criminalization of Homosexuality". Journal of Law and Religion. 35 (3): 380–406. doi:10.1017/jlr.2019.42.
  • Tahmindjis, Phillip (2005). "Sexuality and International Human Rights Law". Journal of Homosexuality. 48 (3–4): 9–29. doi:10.1300/J082v48n03_03. PMID 15814499.
  • Torra, Michael Jose (1998). "Gay Rights After the Iron Curtain". The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 22 (2): 73–88. ISSN 1046-1868. JSTOR 45289040.
  • Wirtz, Andrea L.; Kirey, Anna; Peryskina, Alena; Houdart, Fabrice; Beyrer, Chris (2013). "Uncovering the epidemic of HIV among men who have sex with men in Central Asia". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 132: S17–S24. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.031. PMID 23906993.
  • Zinn, Alexander (2020). "»Das sind Staatsfeinde« Die NS-Homosexuellenverfolgung 1933–1945" ["They are enemies of the state": The Nazi persecution of homosexuals 1933–1945] (PDF). Bulletin des Fritz Bauer Instituts: 6–13. ISSN 1868-4211.

Laporan

  • Human Dignity Trust (May 2016). "Breaking the Silence: Criminalisation of Lesbians and Bisexual Women and its Impacts" (PDF). Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2019-06-03. Dicapai pada 11 January 2022.
  • ILGA (28 September 2017). "ILGA-RIWI Global attitudes survey" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2018-01-13. Dicapai pada 11 January 2022.
  • Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019 (PDF). Geneva: ILGA.
  • ILGA (14 December 2020). "State-Sponsored Homophobia report - 2020 global legislation overview update" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2020-12-15. Dicapai pada 10 January 2022.