Lingue paleobalcaniche

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Lega linguistica balcanica.

Le lingue paleobalcaniche è un concetto geo-linguistico che viene riferito alle lingue indoeuropee parlate nei Balcani nei tempi antichi. Ad eccezione del greco e della lingua che diede origine all'albanese (vedi sotto), esse sono tutte estinte, a causa dell'ellenizzazione (a sud), romanizzazione (a nord) come pure la slavizzazione (in tutto il territorio, eccezion fatta per l'Albania e la Grecia) portata successivamente dalle migrazioni slave. Le parole del substrato di origine paleobalcanica si trovano nel romeno, e in misura minore, nelle lingue slave meridionali.

Nessuna lingua preindoeuropea dei Balcani è conosciuta. In associazione a questo ci sono speculazioni sul fatto che i Balcani possano essere stati la Urheimat, o forse una "secondaria Urheimat" dell'indoeuropeo, per es. secondo l'ipotesi anatolica di Renfrew che presume una Urheimat secondaria nei Balcani intorno al 5000 a.C. Un possibile phylum pre-indoeuropeo nei Balcani potrebbe essere stato correlato alle lingue tirseniche, attestate nella forma di una singola iscrizione nella lingua lemnia.

Lista delle lingue paleobalcaniche

Ipotesi interpretative

A causa dell'attestazione frammentaria delle lingue estinte, particolarmente illiriche, non si conosce quale relazione di parentela, più o meno stretta, ci fosse stata fra queste lingue, vale a dire, se appartenessero a un ramo comune della famiglia linguistica indoeuropea o semplicemente al fenomeno della lega linguistica. L'albanese potrebbe essersi evoluto dal gruppo illirico,[19][20][21][22][23] ma questa ipotesi non ha ancora ottenuto un'accettazione accademica generale.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo e Panagiotis Filos, Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 18 dicembre 2017, pp. 8, ISBN 978-3-11-053213-5.
  2. ^ (EN) Claude Brixhe, Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire, in Adams, Janse e Swaine (a cura di), Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text, Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-19-924506-2.
  3. ^ Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), Langues indo-européennes, pp. 165–178, Paris: CNRS Editions.
  4. ^ a b I. M. Diakonoff The Problem of the Mushki (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 agosto 2011). in The Prehistory of the Armenian People
  5. ^ Vladimir Georgiev (1960), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39–58.
  6. ^ Philipp Strazny ed., Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1135455228, p. 116.
  7. ^ Olga M. Tomic, Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features, Volume 67, Springer, 2006, ISBN 1402044887, p. 38.
  8. ^ (ET) R.S.P. Beekes e M. de Vaan, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, ISBN 978-90-272-1185-9. URL consultato il 29 gennaio 2024.
  9. ^ Olivier Masson, [Ancient] Macedonian language, in Hornblower, S. e Spawforth A. (a cura di), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, revised 3rd, USA, Oxford University Press, 2003 [1996], pp. 905–906, ISBN 0-19-860641-9.
  10. ^ (EN) Brian D. Joseph, Ancient Greek, in Garry, Rubino, Bodomo, Faber e French (a cura di), Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present, H. W. Wilson Company, 2001, p. 256, ISBN 9780824209704.
  11. ^ Cf. Paglia, Sorin (2002),"Pre-Slavic and Pre-Romance Place-Names in Southeast Europe." 'Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Thracology', Sofia, Bulgarian Institute of Thracology – Europa Antiqua Foundation – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, I, 219–229, who states: "According to the available data, we may surmise that Thracian and Illyrian were mutually understandable, e.g. like Czech and Slovak, in one extreme, or like Spanish and Portuguese, at the other."
  12. ^ Filos, 2023, pp. 86–88; Hyllested Joseph, 2022, p. 235; Friedman, 2022; Coretta Riverin-Coutlée Kapia Nichols, 2022, p. 1122; Demiraj, 2020, p. 33; Friedman, 2020, p. 388; Majer, 2019, p. 258; Matasović, 2019, p. 5; Trumper, 2018, pp. 383–386; Baldi Savoia, 2017, p. 46; Yntema, 2017, p. 337; Matzinger, 2017, p. 1790; Ismajli, 2015, pp. 36–38, 45; Hamp Adams, 2013, p. 8; Parpola, 2012, p. 131; Holst, 2009, pp. 65–66; Schaller, 2008, p. 27; Demiraj, 2004, pp. 58–59; Mallory Adams, 1997, p. 11; Huld, 1986, pp. 245–250; Huld, 1984, p. 158.
  13. ^ a b (EN) Robert S. P. Beekes, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, John Benjamins Publishing, 2011, pp. 24, ISBN 978-90-272-1185-9.
  14. ^ I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd e N. G. L. Hammond, Cambridge ancient history, Cambridge [England], Cambridge University Press, 1970, p.  840., ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0.
  15. ^ (EN) John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond e E. Sollberger, The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp.  876., ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
    «Such a lexical difference would, however, be hardly enough evidence to separate Daco-Moesian from Thracian [...]»
  16. ^ (BG) Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev, Trakite i technijat ezik [Thacian and their Languages], Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1977, pp. 282.
  17. ^ Glanville Price, Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, ISBN 0-631-22039-9., p. 120
  18. ^ (EN) Paeonia | historical region, su Encyclopedia Britannica. URL consultato il 3 maggio 2020.
  19. ^ Coretta Riverin-Coutlée Kapia Nichols, 2022, p. 1122
  20. ^ Matasović, 2019, p. 5
  21. ^ Parpola, 2012, p. 131
  22. ^ Beekes, 2011, p. 25: "It is often thought (for obvious geographic reasons) that Albanian descends from ancient Illyrian (see above), but this cannot be ascertained as we know next to nothing about Illyrian itself."
  23. ^ Fortson, 2010, p. 446: "Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records. This is one of the reasons why its origins are shrouded in mystery and controversy. The widespread assertion that it is the modern–day descendant of Illyrian, spoken in much the same region during classical times ([...]), makes geographic and historical sense but is linguistically untestable since we know so little about Illyrian."

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