Insulin

INS

Struktur yang tersedia

PDB

Pencarian Ortolog: PDBe RCSB

Daftar kode id PDB

1A7F, 1AI0, 1AIY, 1B9E, 1BEN, 1EV3, 1EV6, 1EVR, 1FU2, 1FUB, 1G7A, 1G7B, 1GUJ, 1HIQ, 1HIS, 1HIT, 1HLS, 1HTV, 1HUI, 1IOG, 1IOH, 1J73, 1JCA, 1JCO, 1K3M, 1KMF, 1LKQ, 1LPH, 1MHI, 1MHJ, 1MSO, 1OS3, 1OS4, 1Q4V, 1QIY, 1QIZ, 1QJ0, 1RWE, 1SF1, 1T1K, 1T1P, 1T1Q, 1TRZ, 1TYL, 1TYM, 1UZ9, 1VKT, 1W8P, 1XDA, 1XGL, 1XW7, 1ZEG, 1ZEH, 1ZNJ, 2AIY, 2C8Q, 2C8R, 2CEU, 2H67, 2HH4, 2HHO, 2HIU, 2JMN, 2JUM, 2JUU, 2JUV, 2JV1, 2JZQ, 2K91, 2K9R, 2KJJ, 2KJU, 2KQQ, 2KXK, 2L1Y, 2L1Z, 2LGB, 2M1D, 2M1E, 2M2M, 2M2N, 2M2O, 2M2P, 2OLY, 2OLZ, 2OM0, 2OM1, 2OMG, 2OMH, 2OMI, 2QIU, 2R34, 2R35, 2R36, 2RN5, 2VJZ, 2VK0, 2W44, 2WBY, 2WC0, 2WRU, 2WRV, 2WRW, 2WRX, 2WS0, 2WS1, 2WS4, 2WS6, 2WS7, 3AIY, 3BXQ, 3E7Y, 3E7Z, 3EXX, 3FQ9, 3I3Z, 3I40, 3ILG, 3INC, 3IR0, 3Q6E, 3ROV, 3TT8, 3U4N, 3UTQ, 3UTS, 3UTT, 3V19, 3V1G, 3W11, 3W12, 3W13, 3W7Y, 3W7Z, 3W80, 3ZI3, 3ZQR, 3ZS2, 3ZU1, 4AIY, 4AJX, 4AJZ, 4AK0, 4AKJ, 4EFX, 4EWW, 4EWX, 4EWZ, 4EX0, 4EX1, 4EXX, 4EY1, 4EY9, 4EYD, 4EYN, 4EYP, 4F0N, 4F0O, 4F1A, 4F1B, 4F1C, 4F1D, 4F1F, 4F1G, 4F4T, 4F4V, 4F51, 4F8F, 4FG3, 4FKA, 4GBC, 4GBI, 4GBK, 4GBL, 4GBN, 4IUZ, 5AIY, 2LWZ, 3JSD, 3KQ6, 3P2X, 3P33, 1JK8, 2MLI, 2MPG, 2MPI, 2MVC, 2MVD, 4CXL, 4CXN, 4CY7, 4NIB, 4OGA, 4P65, 4Q5Z, 4RXW, 4UNE, 4UNG, 4UNH, 4XC4, 4WDI, 4Z76, 4Z77, 4Z78, 2N2W, 5CO6, 5ENA, 4Y19, 5BQQ, 5BOQ, 2N2V, 5CNY, 5CO9, 5EN9, 4Y1A, 2N2X, 5BPO, 5CO2, 5BTS, 5HYJ, 5C0D,%%s1EFE, 1SJT, 1SJU, 2KQP,%%s1T0C,%%s2G54, 2G56, 3HYD, 2OMQ

Pengidentifikasi

Alias

INS, IDDM, IDDM1, IDDM2, ILPR, IRDN, MODY10, insulin, PNDM4

ID eksternal

OMIM: 176730 MGI: 96573 HomoloGene: 173 GeneCards: INS

Lokasi gen (Manusia)

Kr.	Kromosom 11 (manusia)^[1]

Pita	11p15.5	Awal	2,159,779 bp^[1]
Pita	11p15.5	Akhir	2,161,221 bp^[1]

Lokasi gen (Tikus)

Kr.	Kromosom 7 (tikus)^[2]

Pita	7 F5\|7 88.0 cM	Awal	142,232,393 bp^[2]
Pita	7 F5\|7 88.0 cM	Akhir	142,297,118 bp^[2]

Pola ekspresi RNA

Referensi data ekspresi selengkapnya

Ontologi gen
Fungsi molekuler	• insulin receptor binding • pengikatan protein identik • protease binding • insulin-like growth factor receptor binding • GO:0001948, GO:0016582 Ikatan protein plasma • hormone activity
Komponen seluler	• endoplasmic reticulum lumen • transport vesicle • Golgi membrane • secretory granule lumen • Golgi lumen • endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane • endosome lumen • extracellular region • extracellular space
Proses biologis	• negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity • positive regulation of DNA replication • positive regulation of MAPK cascade • positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation • positive regulation of cell differentiation • MAPK cascade • positive regulation of respiratory burst • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling • negative regulation of protein oligomerization • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity • negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response • cell-cell signaling • positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process • positive regulation of glycolytic process • positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity • positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation • activation of protein kinase B activity • wound healing • positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division • negative regulation of feeding behavior • positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion • GO:1903363 negative regulation of protein catabolic process • positive regulation of cell migration • acute-phase response • regulation of protein secretion • positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling • G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway • regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process • negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway • endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport • negative regulation of lipid catabolic process • positive regulation of cell growth • negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process • GO:1903106 positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway • glucose metabolic process • negative regulation of acute inflammatory response • negative regulation of protein secretion • positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation • glucose homeostasis • positive regulation of cell population proliferation • fatty acid homeostasis • GO:0051247, GO:0051200 positive regulation of protein metabolic process • regulation of transmembrane transporter activity • negative regulation of gluconeogenesis • negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process • regulation of protein localization • GO:0009373 regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process • Metabolisme karbohidrat • negative regulation of proteolysis • alpha-beta T cell activation • positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus • positive regulation of glucose import • GO:1901047 insulin receptor signaling pathway • GO:1901313 positive regulation of gene expression • regulation of signaling receptor activity • positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction • regulation of synaptic plasticity • kognisi • positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation • positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance • regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane • negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process • neuron projection maintenance • response to L-arginine • GO:0072468 signal transduction
Sumber:Amigo / QuickGO

Ortolog

Spesies

Manusia

Tikus

Entrez


3630


16334

Ensembl


ENSG00000254647


ENSMUSG00000000215

UniProt


P01308


P01326

RefSeq (mRNA)


NM_000207 NM_001185097 NM_001185098 NM_001291897


NM_001185083 NM_001185084 NM_008387

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000198 NP_001172026 NP_001172027 NP_001278826 NP_000198.1
NP_001172026.1 NP_001172027.1 NP_001278826.1 NP_000198 NP_000198 NP_000198 NP_000198


NP_001172012 NP_001172013 NP_032413

Lokasi (UCSC)

Chr 11: 2.16 – 2.16 Mb

Chr 7: 142.23 – 142.3 Mb

Pencarian PubMed

^[3]

^[4]

Wikidata

Lihat/Sunting Manusia

Lihat/Sunting Tikus

Model struktur insulin
Merah: karbon; hijau: oksigen; biru: nitrogen; merah muda: sulfur. Pita biru/ungu merupakan kerangka [-N-C-C-]n dalam sekuens asam amino H-[-NH-CHR-CO-]n-OH protein tersebut, dengan R merupakan bagian yang menonjol dari kerangka tersebut pada setiap asam amino.

Insulin (bahasa Latin insula, "pulau", karena diproduksi di pulau-pulau Langerhans di pankreas) adalah suatu hormon polipeptida yang mengatur metabolisme karbohidrat. Insulin merupakan "efektor" utama dalam homeostasis karbohidrat, juga berperan dalam metabolisme lemak (trigliserida) dan protein – hormon ini bersifat anabolik yang artinya meningkatkan penggunaan protein. Hormon tersebut juga memengaruhi jaringan tubuh lainnya.

Insulin menyebabkan sel pada otot dan adiposit mengambil glukosa dari sirkulasi darah melalui transporter glukosa GLUT1 dan GLUT4^[5] dan menyimpannya sebagai glikogen di dalam hati dan otot sebagai sumber energi.

Kadar insulin yang rendah akan mengurangi penyerapan glukosa dan tubuh akan mulai menggunakan lemak sebagai sumber energi.

Insulin digunakan dalam pengobatan beberapa jenis diabetes mellitus. Pasien dengan diabetes mellitus tipe 1 bergantung pada insulin dari luar tubuh karena kekurangan absolut hormon tersebut; pasien dengan diabetes mellitus tipe 2 memiliki tingkat produksi insulin rendah atau kebal insulin, dan kadang kala juga membutuhkan insulin dari luar bila pengobatan lain tidak cukup untuk mengatur kadar glukosa darah.

Lihat pula

anatomi dan fisiologi
jenis diabetes mellitus
- diabetes mellitus
  - diabetes mellitus tipe 1
  - diabetes mellitus tipe 2
- diabetes insipidus
perawatan
- Diabetic coma
- insulinoterapi intensif
- pompa insulin
- insulinoterapi konvensional

Referensi

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000254647 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000215 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ (Inggris) "Intracellular targeting of the insulin-regulatable glucose transporter (GLUT4) is isoform specific and independent of cell type". Rockefeller University; P M Haney, J W Slot, R C Piper, D E James, M Mueckler. Diakses tanggal 2010-05-01.

Pranala luar

(Inggris) Insulin: entry from protein databank Diarsipkan 2005-03-16 di Wayback Machine.
(Inggris) Sejarah Insulin Diarsipkan 2018-11-01 di Wayback Machine.

Hormon

Prekursor

DHEA · ProT · T4

Hormon

Intraselular

T4 · T3 · T2 · T1

Steroid

Kortikosteroid

Glukokortikoid	Kortisol
Mineralokortikoid	Aldosteron

· CORT

Kalsitriol

Peptida

Faktor transkripsi	AP-1 · C/EBP-α · β · NF-κB · FLIP · STAT · 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6

Insulin · CGRP · CRH · SREBP · Androgen · Estrogen · Pregnenolon · Progestagen · P4 · Testosteron

Ekstraselular

Glikoprotein

hCG · FSH · GPIHBP-1 · LH · TSH

Katekolamin

Adrenalin · PIH · Noradrenalin

Peptida

ACTH · AM · Angiotensin · CT · Gastrin · Glukagon · GnRH · GH · GHIH · GHRH · GHS · IAPP · OT · PRL · TRH · VP

Sitokin

Kemokina	C5a · CCL2 · CCL5 · GSM-CSF · LPS · MCP-1 · IL-1 · IL-2 · IL-3 · IL-4 · IL-5 · IL-6 · IL-8 · IL-10 · IL-12 · IL-13 · IL-15 · IL-18 · IP-10 · RETN