-stan

Persian-language suffix used for place names

  Countries whose name in English has the suffix -stan
  Other countries that have first-level divisions whose names in English have the suffix -stan.
  Countries whose name in their native language has the suffix -stan.

-stan (Persian: ـستان; stân,[n 1] estân or istân[n 2]) has the meaning of "a place abounding in"[1] or "a place where anything abounds" as a suffix.[2] It originated in the Persian language, but is widely used by other Iranian languages as well as the Shaz Turkic languages (excluding Siberian Turkic) and other languages historically influenced by Persian. The suffix appears in the names of many regions throughout West, Central and South Asia, and parts of the Caucasus and Russia.[3]

The derived suffix -standar (or ostandar) was used for administrative titles of -stan governors in Iran when the country was led by the Sasanian dynasty.[4][5]

Etymology and cognates

The suffix -stan is analogous to the suffix -land, present in many country and location names. The suffix is also used more generally, as in Persian rigestân (ریگستان) "place of sand, desert", golestân (گلستان) "place of flowers, garden", gurestân (گورستان) "graveyard, cemetery",[6] Hindustân (هندوستان) "Land of the Indus".[7]

Originally an independent noun, this morpheme evolved into a suffix by virtue of appearing frequently as the last part in nominal compounds. It is of Indo-Iranian and ultimately Indo-European origin. It is cognate with the English word state, Polish stan (state), and with Sanskrit sthā́na (Devanagari: Sanskrit: स्थान [stʰaːnɐ]), meaning "the act of standing", from which many further meanings derive, including "place, location; abode, dwelling", and ultimately descends from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sthāna-,[8] partly loaned into Ancient Greek as Ancient Greek: -στήνη (-stēnē).

Countries

Countries adopting the -stan suffix in both English and these countries' national languages include:

Some of these nations were also known with the Latinate suffix -ia during their time as Soviet republics: Turkmenistan was frequently Turkmenia, Kyrgyzstan often Kirghizia, and even Uzbekistan was very rarely Uzbekia.[9][10] In addition, the native name of Armenia is Hayastan, hay being the endonym of Armenians.

Country names in various languages

English Name Persian name Turkish name Armenian name Azerbaijani name Kazakh name Turkmen name Tatar name Uyghur name Bashkir name Hindi name Urdu name Uzbek name
 Armenia Armanestân – ارمنستان Ermenistan Hayastan – Հայաստան (native term: Hayk' – Հայք) Ermənistan — Ermenistan Ärmänstan – Әрмәнстан — Ärmänstan – Әрмәнстан Armanistān – अर्मनिस्तान Armanistān – ارمنستان Armaniston/Арманистон
 Bulgaria Bulgharestân – بلغارستان Bulgaristan — Bolqarıstan — — Bolğarstan – Болгарстан — Bolğarstan – Болғарстан Bulgharistān – बुल्ग़रिस्तान Bulgharistān – بلغارستان —
 China — — Čʿinastan – Չինաստան — — — — — — — Cheen

چین

—
 Croatia — Hırvatistan — — — — -
(alternative Xırwatstan – Хырватстан)		 — Xırwatstan – Хыруатстан — — —
 England Engelestân – انگلستان Iṅglistān — इङ्ग्लिस्तान Iṅglistān — انگلستان
 Ethiopian Empire

( Ethiopia and  Eritrea)

— -
(formerly Habeşistan) 		-
(formerly Habešstan – Հաբեշստան) 		-
(formerly Həbəşistan) 		— — -
(formerly Xäbäşstan – Хәбәшстан) 		-
(formerly Hebeshistan – ھەبەشىستان) 		-
(formerly Xäbäşstan – Хәбәшстан) 		— — -

(formerly Habashiston/Ҳабашистон)

 Georgia Gorjestân – گرجستان Gürcistan Vrastan – Վրաստան (native term: Virk' – Վիրք) Gürcüstan — — Görcistan – Гөрҗистан — Görjöstan – Гөржөстан Gurjistān – गुर्जिस्तान Gurjistān – گرجستان Gurjiston/Гуржистон
 Greece — Yunanistan Hunastan – Հունաստան Yunanıstan — — Yunanstan – Юнанстан — Yunanstan – Юнанстан — — Yunoniston/Юнонистон
 Hungary Majârestân – مجارستان Macâristan — Macarıstan Majarstan – Мажарстан Majarystan Macarstan – Маҗарстан — Мажарстан – Мажарстан Majāristān – मजारिस्तान Majāristān – مجارستان Mojariston/Можаристон
 India Hindustan – هندوستان Hindistan Hndkastan – Հնդկաստան Hindistan Ündıstan – Үндістан Hindistan Hindstan – Һиндстан Hindustan – ھىندىستان Hindostan – Һиндостан Hindustān – हिन्दुस्तान Hindustān – ہِنْدُوْسْتان Hindiston/Ҳиндистон
 Mongolia Mogholestân – مغولستان Moğolistan — — — — — Mağulstan – Мағулстан Maṅgōlistān – मङ्गोलिस्तान Maṅgōlistān – منگولستان Moʻgʻuliston/Мўғулистон
 Poland Lahestân – لهستان -
(formerly Lehistan)		 Lehastan – Լեհաստան — — — Läxstan – Ләхстан Lehistan – لەھىستان Lähstan – Ләhстан Lahistān – लहिस्तान Lahistān – لہستان —
 Russia — — Ṙusastan – Ռուսաստան — — — — — — — — —
 Saudi Arabia Arabestân-e Sa'udi – عربستان سعودی Suudi Arabistan — Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı — Saud Arabystany Sögüd Gäräbstanı – Согуд Гарәбстаны Se'udi Erebistan – سەئۇدى ئەرەبىستان Säğüd Ğäräbstanï – Сәғүд Ғәрәбстаны — — Saudiya Arabistoni/Саудия Арабистони
 Serbia Serbestân – صربستان Sırbistan — — — — -
(alternative Sırbstan – Сырбстан)		 — Sırbstan – Сырбстан — — —

Administrative divisions

The following table lists the subnational entities of different countries that end with -stan.

Country & first level of division Country subdivision name
Provinces of Afghanistan Nuristan
Districts of Azerbaijan Gobustan
States of India Rajasthan[n 3]
Provinces of Iran Golestan, Khuzestan, Kurdistan, Lorestan, Sistan, Baluchestan
Governorates of Iraq Kurdistan Region
Regions of Kazakhstan Turkistan
Provinces of Pakistan Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan
Republics of Russia Bashkortostan, Dagestan, Tatarstan
Regions of Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan

Administrative subdivisions

The following list shows some examples of some second-level, third-level, and fourth-level subdivisions inside different countries that have their names ending in a -stan-like suffix.

In Afghanistan

  1. ^ Various places share this name.

In Armenia

In India

In Iran

  1. ^ a b Various places share this name.
  2. ^ In the Persian language, Shahrestan is also a common noun that means "county". It is in the names of the counties of Iran.

Dehestan is the name of an administrative division in Iran.

In Pakistan

In Tajikistan

In other countries

Regions

Historical regions

  • Frangistan – a historical term used (by Muslims and Persians in particular) to refer to Western or Christian Europe.
  • Funjistan (Funj) - a historical empire ubicated in modern-day Sudan
  • Kabulistan – a historical name of the territory centered around present-day Kabul Province of Afghanistan.
  • Lazistan – a historical and cultural region of the Caucasus and Anatolia, traditionally inhabited by the Laz people.
  • Moghulistan (Mughalistan) – a historical area in Central Asia that included parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang
  • Tabaristan – a historical mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of Northern Iran.
  • Zabulistan – a historical region roughly corresponding to today's Zabul Province in southern Afghanistan.

Proposed names

Fictional

  • Absurdistan - various
  • Adjikistan – a fictional central Asian country in the video game SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs: Combined Assault.
  • Aldastan – a fictional central Asian country consisting of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, from Command & Conquer: Generals.
  • Antagonistan – a fictional country in Heavy Weapon
  • Ardistan – a fictional country in the novel Ardistan und Djinnistan by Karl May.
  • Avgatiganistan – a pun of 'Afghanistan', it means 'Fried eggs' ('Avga tiganista') in Greek. Fictional country by author Eugene Trivizas.
  • Azadistan – a fictional kingdom from the anime Mobile Suit Gundam 00; it means "free land".
  • Azmanastan (or Uzmenistan) – a fictional country and region in the film The Expendables 3.
  • Backhairistan- the fictional homeland of Bolbi Stroganovsky, a character from the cartoon series Jimmy Neutron
  • Bananastan – A fictional country from the Popeye the Sailor comic book series, which was ruled by Saddam Shahame, a parody of Saddam Hussein, an Iraqi dictator.
  • Bangistan – a fictional country in the Bollywood movie Bangistan (2015) starring Riteish Deshmukh and Pulkit Samrat.
  • Bazrakhistan – a fictional former Soviet republic in the movie Act of War (1998) starring Jack Scalia.
  • Belgistan – a fictional Middle Eastern country in the anime Gasaraki.
  • Berzerkistan – a fictional republic run by genocidal terrorist godhead and President for life, Trff Bmzklfrpz, in the comic strip Doonesbury.
  • Bilalistan - a country in the film Lion's Blood
  • Brajikistan – a fictional country from season 2 of the teen sitcom Wingin' It.
  • Capustan – a fictional city-state in Malazan Book of the Fallen.
  • Cobrastan – a fake fictional country made up by a character named Jorji Costava in his passport from the game Papers, Please.
  • Darujhistan – a fictional city-state in Malazan Book of the Fallen.
  • Derkaderkastan – a fictional Middle Eastern country in Team America: World Police.
  • Djinnistan – a fictional country in the novel Ardistan und Djinnistan by Karl May.
  • Franistan – a fictional country referred to in the television show I Love Lucy.
  • Frigistan – a fictional country in Heavy Weapon
  • Gohet Gostan – a fictional country in Tiga Abdul
  • Hachmachistan – fictional country in Kickin' It
  • Helmajistan – a fictional area from the anime Full Metal Panic!.
  • Howduyustan ("how do you stand?") – a fictional country from the Uncle Scrooge comic book stories.
  • Irakistan – a fictional country in the game Broforce
  • Iranistan – an oriental region of Hyborea (Conan the Barbarian stories).
  • Istan – a fictional island state in the online role-playing game, Guild Wars Nightfall.
  • Jazeristan – fictional country in the movie The Misfits.
  • Kabulstan – a fictional very hostile third world country that does not like strangers (MacGyver (1985 TV series))
  • Kamistan (Islamic Republic of) – a fictional Middle Eastern country featured in the television series 24.
  • Kazanistan – an ideal state imagined by John Rawls in The Law of Peoples, in which there is a system of law, legal representation for all groups, and a respect for basic human rights, but not full democracy.
  • Kehjistan – the state of the eastern jungles in the game Diablo II.
  • Kekistan – a fictional country created by 4chan members that has become a political meme and online movement.
  • Kerakhistan – a fictional Middle Eastern country featured in the tabletop miniature wargame Battlefield Evolution.
  • Kerplakistan – fictional country in Big Time Rush
  • Kreplachistan – a fictional country in the Austin Powers film series.
  • Langtbortistan – a fictional country in the Danish Donald Duck cartoons, literally meaning "far-away-in-stan"
  • Lojbanistan – the fictional country Lojbanists imagine themselves inhabiting[13][14]
  • Moldovistan – a fictional island country in The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest.
  • Obristan – a fictional country in Papers, Please.
  • Paristan or Pari-estan – a fairyland in the folklore of Middle East, South Asia, and Central Asia.
  • Porpoisestan - a fictional hometown country where Pei Pei the Purple Panda lives here in the Thumb Wrestling Federation.
  • Pokolistan – a fictional country in DC Comics.
  • Serdaristan – a fictional country in Battlefield: Bad Company.
  • Skandistan - a fictional country in western Russia in The Years of Rice and Salt
  • Stanistan[15] A common name used to describe a fictional union between the -stan countries.
  • Taboulistan – a fictional country in Vive la France
  • Takistan – a fictional country in ARMA 2: Operation Arrowhead.
  • Tazbekistan – a fictional central Asian nation in the BBC television series Ambassadors.
  • Trashcanistan – a fictional country mentioned by the hosts of "MXC".
  • Turaqistan – a fictional country in the movie War, Inc.
  • Turgistan – a fictional central Asian dictatorship in 6 Underground.
  • Turmezistan – a fictional country in Doctor Who.
  • Tyrgyzstan – a fictional country in the BBC television drama The State Within.
  • Urzikstan – a fictional country in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019 video game)[16]
  • Ustinkistan – fictional country in The Fairly OddParents
  • Yakyakistan – a fictional northern country in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.
  • Zekistan – a fictional central Asian nation in the video game Full Spectrum Warrior.

Other

  • Absurdistan – sometimes used to satirically describe a country where everything goes wrong
  • Angyalistan – a micronation that claims garbage patches in international waters
  • Autistan – the "metaphorical country" of the autistic people
  • Bailoutistan (or Bailoutistan 2.0) - sarcastic term for Greece following the European Union bail out packages, coined by Yanis Varoufakis in his book 'Adults in the Room: My Battle With the European and American Deep Establishment'
  • Bimaristan – a kind of hospital in medieval Persia and the medieval Islamic world
  • Bradistan – a moniker for Bradford, England, owing to its large population of Pakistani worker migrants
  • Canuckistan (full name being The People's Republic of Soviet Canuckistan) – epithet for Canada, used by Pat Buchanan on 31 October 2002, on his television show on MSNBC in which he denounced Canadians as anti-American and the country as a haven for terrorists. He was reacting to Canadian criticisms of US security measures regarding Arab Canadians[17]
  • Cavaquistan (Cavaquistão in Portuguese) – a name coined after the former Portuguese President and Prime-Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, referring to the regions of Portugal where he achieved landslide victories in the elections held in the late 1980s and early 1990s (especially in the Viseu District[18]); intended pun with Kazakhstan (Cazaquistão in Portuguese[19])
  • Dalitstan.org – a Dalit advocacy website active until mid-2006,[20] one of 18 websites that were blocked by the Indian government to check for hate messages following the 2006 Mumbai train bombings.[21]
  • Extremistan and Mediocristan – used by author Nassim Nicholas Taleb to illustrate concepts of black swan theory in The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable
  • Filmistan – a film-production company
  • Fondukistan or Fondoqestān – an early medieval settlement and Buddhist monastery in Afghanistan
  • Gazimestan – name of a monument commemorating the historical Battle of Kosovo
  • Hookturnistan – satirical name of Melbourne, Victoria, due to the large number of hook turns on city roads
  • Hamastan – a concept of a Palestinian Islamic government with Sharia as law
  • Iranistan – a pseudo-orientalist mansion built for P. T. Barnum in 1848 in Connecticut
  • Islamistan – means 'Land of Islam', used in various contexts
  • Londonistan – French counter-terrorism agents gave the British/English capital of London this sobriquet. Sometimes used derogatorily to refer to the large immigrant, especially Muslim, population in London.
  • Muristan – a complex of streets and shops in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem
  • New Yorkistan – the title of the cover art for the 10 December 2001, edition of The New Yorker magazine
    • The New Yorkistan map itself included various districts ending in -stan, e.g., Bronxistan, Cold Turkeystan, Fuhgeddabouditstan, Gaymenistan, Taxistan, Youdontunderstandistan, etc.
  • Orbánistan – a derogatory term for Hungary under the rule of Viktor Orbán[22]
  • Paganistan – the pagan/neo-pagan community of Minneapolis-Saint Paul in Minnesota[23]
  • Quebecistan – a term coined by Barbara Kay in 2006 in reference to Quebec, Canada.
  • Sarvestan – a Sasanian-era palace in the Iranian province of Sarvestan
  • Shabestan – an underground space, usually found in the traditional architecture of mosques, houses, and schools in ancient Persia
  • Shahrestan (several meanings)
  • Skateistan – a skateboarding/educational organization based in Kabul, Afghanistan
  • Swedistan – a derogatory term for Sweden due to its growing immigration from Islamic countries. It is sometimes used by internet users to attack or offend Swedish Muslims.
  • Talibanistan – a name for the government of Afghanistan under the Taliban
  • Zaqistan – a micronation currently in Nevada

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Applies after a vowel.
  2. ^ Applies after a consonant.
  3. ^ The suffix -sthan is through Indic, not Iranic.

References

  1. ^ Hayyim, Sulayman (1892), "ستان", New Persian-English Dictionary, vol. 2, Tehran: Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim, p. 30, archived from the original on 28 October 2020, retrieved 25 October 2020 Quote= ستان (p. V2-0030) ستان (۲) Suffix meaning 'a place abounding in'. Ex. گلستان a flower or rose-garden. Syn. زار See گازار Note. This suffix is pronounced stan or setan after a vowel, as in بوستان boostan, a garden, and هندوستان hendoostan, India; and estan after a consonant. Ex. گلستان golestan, and ترکستان torkestan. However, for poetic license, after a consonant also, it may be pronounced setan. Ex. گلستان golsetan
  2. ^ Steingass, Francis Joseph, "ستان", A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, p. 655, archived from the original on 28 October 2020, retrieved 25 October 2020, stān (after a vowel), istān (after a consonant), Place where anything abounds, as ḵẖurmāstān, A palm-grove, gulistān, A flower-garden, &c.
  3. ^ Ford, Matt (7 February 2014). "Kazakhstan's President Is Tired of His Country's Name Ending in 'Stan'". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  4. ^ Daryaee 2014, p. 126.
  5. ^ Ghereghlou 2018.
  6. ^ Moshiri, Leila (1988). "English-Persian Glossary". Colloquial Persian. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 0-415-00886-7.
  7. ^ Kapur, Anu (2019). Mapping Place Names of India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-61421-7.
  8. ^ Macdonell, A. A. (1929). A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout. London: Oxford University Press. p. 365. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  9. ^ "Uzbekia, Kirgizia, Turkmenia, Tajikia". Google Ngram. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023.
  10. ^ Becker, Seymour (2004). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924. Routledge. p. 553. ISBN 1-134-33582-2. As early as June 1920, Lenin had toyed with the idea of dividing Russian Turkestan into three national regions: Uzbekia, Kirgizia and Turkmenia.
  11. ^ "Turmoil in the North East: The demand for Bangalistan". SabrangIndia. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  12. ^ "Lebanese solution " 15 Jul 1978 " The Spectator Archive". The Spectator Archive. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  13. ^ "Lojbnaistan". lojban wiki. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  14. ^ Cowan, John Waldemar (1997). "1". The Complete Lojban Language (First ed.). Fairfax, VA, US: The Logical Language Group. p. 3. ISBN 0-9660283-0-9. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  15. ^ "Stanistan (TV Movie 2015) - IMDb". IMDb.
  16. ^ Stuart, Keith (31 May 2019). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare returns to tread a moral minefield". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  17. ^ Allan, Chantal (2009). Bomb Canada: And Other Unkind Remarks in the American Media. Athabasca University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1-897425-49-7. soviet%20canuckistan%20arab%20canadians.
  18. ^ "Cavaquistão continua irredutível e a votar laranja ("Cavaquistan remains unyielding and voting orange") (in Portuguese)". Visão. 6 October 2019. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  19. ^ Carla Fernandes (2016). Multimodality and Performance. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4438-9465-4. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  20. ^ Dibyesh Anand (15 October 2011). Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-230-36263-5.
  21. ^ "Govt blocks 18 sites to check hate messages". The Times of India. 19 July 2006. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  22. ^ "The Ruler of Orbánistan". Aspen Institute Central Europe (in Czech). Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  23. ^ Pizza, Murphy (2009). "Schism as midwife: how conflict aided the birth of a contemporary Pagan community". In Lewis, James R.; Lewis, Sarah M. (eds.). Sacred schisms: how religions divide (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–261. ISBN 978-0-511-58071-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011. [...] the Pagan community of the Minnesota Twin Cities, otherwise known by members as 'Paganistan.'

Sources

  • Daryaee, Touraj (2014). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 978-0857716668.
  • Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2018). "Bādūsbānids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.

Further reading

  • Maciuszak, Kinga. The Persian Suffix -(e)stān 'The Land Of' Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 13 (2008): 119–140.

External links