Shikoku dialect

Group of Japanese dialects spoken in Shikoku, Japan

Shikoku Japanese
Native to	Japan
Region	Shikoku
Language family	Japonic Japanese Western Japanese Shikoku Japanese
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`shik1243`
Shikoku dialect area. Orange: Kyoto-type pitch accent. Yellow: Kyushu-type.

The Shikoku dialects (四国方言, Shikoku hōgen) are a group of the Japanese dialects spoken on Shikoku.^[1]^[2]

The Shikoku dialects are:

Awa dialect (Tokushima Prefecture, formerly known as Awa Province)
Sanuki dialect (Kagawa Prefecture formerly known as Sanuki Province)
Iyo dialect (Ehime Prefecture, formerly known as Iyo Province)
Tosa dialect (Kōchi Prefecture, formerly known as Tosa Province)
- Hata Dialect (Hata district, westernmost of Kochi)

The Shikoku dialect has many similarities to Chūgoku dialect in grammar. Shikoku dialect uses ken for "because", and -yoru in progressive aspect and -toru or -choru in the perfect. Some people in Kōchi Prefecture use kin, kini, or ki instead of ken, -yō (Hata) or -yū (Tosa) instead of -yoru, and -chō (Hata) or -chū (Tosa) instead of -choru.

The largest difference between Shikoku dialect and Chūgoku dialect is in pitch accent. Except southwestern Ehime and western Kochi (yellow area on the right map), many dialects in Shikoku uses Kyoto-Osaka-type accent or its variations, and are similar to Kansai dialect, but Chūgoku dialect uses a Tokyo-type accent.

The differences between zi and di and between zu and du, which have been lost in standard Japanese, have been preserved in the southern part of the Shikoku dialect region.^[3]

References

^ Fujiwara, Yoichi (1964). "Cessationals in the Japanese Dialects". Monumenta Nipponica. 19 (1/2): 130–162. doi:10.2307/2383286. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2383286.
^ Fujiwara, Yoichi (1963). "A Dialect Grammar of Japanese". Monumenta Nipponica. 18 (1/4): 147–190. doi:10.2307/2383138. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2383138.
^ Boberg, Charles; Nerbonne, John; Watt, Dominic (2018-01-30). The Handbook of Dialectology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 566. ISBN 978-1-118-82759-8.

Japanese language

Earlier forms

Dialects

Eastern	Hokkaidō Tōhoku Northern Nanbu Tsugaru Akita Southern Kesen Nairiku Kantō Western Gunma Kanagawa Tokyo Eastern Ibaraki Tochigi Northern Izu Islands Tōkai–Tōsan Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka Shizuoka Narada Echigo Nagaoka Gifu-Aichi Nagoya Mikawa Mino Hida
Western	Hokuriku Kaga Kanazawa Shiramine Kansai Awaji Banshū Kishū Okuyoshino Shikoku Iyo Tosa Sanuki Chūgoku San'yō Bingo East San'in Inshū Umpaku
Kyūshū	Hōnichi Ōita Hichiku Chikuzen Hakata Kumamoto Nagasaki Saga Tsushima Satsugū
Other	Amami Japanese Okinawan Japanese

Pidgins and creoles

Japonic languages

Eastern Old Japanese Hachijō grammar
Ryukyuan	Northern Amami Ōshima Southern Amami Ōshima Kikai Kunigami Okinawan Okinoerabu Tokunoshima Yoron Southern Miyako Tarama Yaeyama Yonaguni

Writing system

Logograms	Script reform Kanbun Kanji by stroke count Kanji radicals by frequency by stroke count Kokuji Ryakuji Ateji
Kana	Hiragana Katakana Furigana Okurigana Gojūon Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Kana ligature
Orthography	Braille Kanji Punctuation Kanazukai Historical kana Modern kana Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai Yotsugana Transcription into Japanese
Encoding	EUC EUC-JP ISO/IEC 2022 JIS 0201 0208 0211 0212 0213 Shift JIS Unicode Hiragana Kana Extended-A Kana Extended-B Kana Supplement Small Kana Extension Katakana Katakana Phonetic Extensions Other ARIB STD B24 Enclosed EIS Extended shinjitai Half/Full