Ponjikkara Rafi
- Swargadhoothan
- Ora Pro Nobis
- Kaliyugam
- Shouryar Joseph
- Anna
Joseph Raphael (12 April 1924 – 6 September 1992), better identified as Ponjikkara Rafi, was an Indian essayist, playwright, short story writer and a novelist of Malayalam literature. His oeuvre consists of short story anthologies, novels, philosophical works and screenplays but he is best remembered for two novels, Daivadhoothan, regarded as the first Malayalam novel written in stream of consciousness narrative style, and Ora Pro Nobis, a historical novel based on the Dutch colonial rule. He was also the author of Kaliyugam, a philosophical work jointly written with his wife, Sabeena Rafi, which fetched him the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works in 1972.
Biography
Ponjikkara Rafi was born Joseph Raphael on 12 April 1924 in Naduvathezhathu family of Ponjikkara, an islet in Mulavukad panchayat, along the coast of (then Cochin State) present day Ernakulam district, in the south Indian state of Kerala, in a family of carpenters as the seventh among the nine children born to Shouryar Joseph[note 1] and Anna.[1] After early schooling at Ponnarimangalam School, he shifted to St. Albert's High School in the mainland but could not complete his high school studies. Subsequently, he passed a vocational course in blacksmithy from Government Trade School and started his career as a fitter at the work shop of the Cochin Port.[2] His stay at the port was short as he was terminated from service in the wake of his participation in a workers' strike and his next job at the Indian Aluminium Company, Aluva, as a crane operator, also ended the same way. Later, he shifted his focus to journalism and literature and was associated with magazines such as Suprabha, Udayam and Democrat;[3] it was at Democrat, he had the opportunity to work alongside C. J. Thomas, the noted playwright. He also worked with Vaikom Muhammed Basheer as a partner, when the renowned author ran Circle Book Stall, a book shop in Ernakulam.[4] In 1966, he joined the Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society, a writers' co-operative, where he worked until 1974, in different capacities as those of a production assistant, reader and as the manager of National Book Stall, the retail wing of the society.[5]
Rafi married Sabeena,[6] who was five years elder to him,[1] in 1963, following a period of romance,[7] but the couple did not have children.[5] He died on 6 September 1992, at the age of 68;[8] his wife had predeceased him on 22 June 1990.[6]
Legacy and honours
Rafi published eleven short story anthologies, eight novels, two plays and three essay compilations.[9] His literary journey started with his first published story, Antonyude Vagdhanam (Antony's Promise), which was published in Sathyanadam weekly and the first anthology, Bhavi, was published in 1945.[2] His earlye novels portrayed the Cochin Portuguese creole culture[10] and of the eight novels he wrote, Swargadhoothanand Ora Pro Nobisare the more notable ones. Swargadhoothan, a novel in three parts and published in 1958 is known to be the first Malayalam novel written in stream of consciousness narrative style[8] and Ora Pro Nobis is a historical novel detailing the life of Dutch colonial Kochi.[2][11] In Swargadhoothan, Rafi envisioned the islets around Kochi getting connected to the mainland in 1958 and it became a reality when Goshree bridges were opened in February 2004.[12] He also wrote a detective novel, Padakkuthira Missi and two plays, Mathai Master and Mezhukuthiri. One of his non-fiction books, Marxism, Oru Thirinjunottam, co-written with his wife, is a detailed study of the Marxian theory and its spiritual aspects; the book also has a critique on Mother of Maxim Gorky.[13] Kaliyugam, a Sabeena Rafi co-written work, is a study of human behaviour from early ages, with a philosophical perspective.[5] The book fetched him the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works in 1972.[14]
Rafi entered the film world by writing the screenplay and dialogues for Koodappirappu, a J. D. Thottan, released in 1956.[15] One of his stories, Minnaminungu, was adapted into a film under the same name by Ramu Kariat in 1957 and Rafi wrote the screenplay for the film.[16] He was reported to have assisted Vayalar Rama Varma to gain entry into films.[3] He held the position of the secretary of the Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad from 1966 to 1974 and served as the vice president of the Parishad for a brief period.[2] Pranatha Books, a Kerala-based publisher, has instituted an annual award, Ponjikkara Rafi Award, for recognizing excellence in Malayalam literature and the first recipient of the honour was Sebastian Pallithode.[17]
Bibliography
Novels
- Rafi, Ponjikkara (1958). Swarga dhoothan. Kottayam: Saahithya Pravathaka Co-operative Society.
- Rafi, Ponjikkara (1961). Kanayile kalyanam. S.P.C.S.
- Rafi Ponjikkara (1981). Ora Pro Nobis.
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1964). Aniyude Chechi (in Malayalam).
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1954). Fulltime Kamukan (in Malayalam) (0 ed.). Vidyarthi Mithram.
- Rafi, Ponjikkara (1985). Chenthaengintae pookkula (in Malayalam).
Short story anthologies
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1964). Karutha Blouse (in Malayalam).
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1963). Kochu Rosi (in Malayalam) (1 ed.).
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1963). Khadhar Jubba (in Malayalam) (1 ed.).
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1963). Alathallunna Puzha (in Malayalam) (1 ed.).
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1947). Thuranna Vathil (in Malayalam) (1 ed.).
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1951). Ozhivukalam (in Malayalam) (1 ed.).
- Rafi, Ponjikkara (1967). Theranjedutha kathakal (in Malayalam).
Non fiction
- Sebeena Rafi; Rafi, Ponjikkara (1992). Sukradasayude charitram. Kottayam: D.C. Books.
- Rafi, Ponjikkara (1982). Anuyathrakal, kandeththalukal. Kottayam: Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam.
- Rafi, Ponjikkara (1985). Charithra maanangal. Kottayam, Current.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Rafi, Ponjikkara (1989). Prakaasadhara. Trissur, Current.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ponjikkara Rafi; Sebeena Rafi (1991). Marxism Oru Thirinjunottam, Emmavoosilekkula Yathrayum (in Malayalam) (0 ed.). Bamsuri Books.
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1982). Kaliyugam (in Malayalam) (0 ed.). D. C. B. Kottayam.
Plays
- Ponjikkara Rafi (1963). Mathayi Master (in Malayalam) (0 ed.).
- Rafi Ponjikkara. Mezhukuthiri.
Filmography
See also
Notes
- ^ Shouryar is the vernacular for Xavier
References
- ^ a b "The Life of a Dreamer" (PDF). Mahatma Gandhi University. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
Biography in the work, Literary contributions of Ponjikkara Raphy'
- ^ a b c d "Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal". Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Ponjikkara Rafi - M3DB.COM". m3db.com. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "The man who loved all". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ a b c "Ponjikkara Rafi - Veethi profile". veethi.com. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Sabeena Rafi". Kerala Sahitya Akademi. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ ഉണ്ണികൃഷ്ണൻ, കെ. "പോഞ്ഞിക്കര റാഫിയെ മറന്നതെങ്ങനെ ?". Mathrubhumi. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ a b "കേട്ടിട്ടുണ്ടോ പോഞ്ഞിക്കര റാഫിയെന്ന്?". ManoramaOnline. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "List of works". Kerala Sahitya Akademi. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ "The Kochi novel". fountainink.in. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "African slaves and spirit Kappiri Muthappan: Kochis culture under Portuguese-Dutch rule". www.thenewsminute.com. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "Ponjikkara Rafi Award given away". The Hindu. 6 September 2004. Retrieved 10 April 2019.[dead link]
- ^ "Marxism Oru Thirinjunottam". www.indulekha.com. 10 April 2019. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works". Kerala Sahitya Akademi. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "Koodappirappu (1956)". www.malayalachalachithram.com. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "Minnaminungu (1957)". www.malayalachalachithram.com. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "Award for Pallithode". The Hindu. 15 April 2004. Retrieved 10 April 2019.[dead link]
Further reading
- Anu, P. T. (11 December 2012). "Literary contributions of Ponjikkara Raphy". University. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- Ajithakumary, K. B. (16 February 2011). "Stream of consciousness technique in novels: A special study in the selected novels of Ponjikkara Rafi, M T Vasudevan Nair and Vilasini". University. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- Somanathan Nair, P. G. (2008). Bodhadharayum Vettoorum pinne ponjikkara Rafiyum (in Malayalam).
- Ponjikkara Rafi : sargavismayam (in Malayalam). 2016.
External links
- "Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi". Kerala Sahitya Akademi. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- "Handwriting". Kerala Sahitya Akademi. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- Sisir Kumar Das (2005). History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 581–. ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9.
- v
- t
- e
- Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award
- Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram
- Cherukad Award
- Edasseri Award
- Ezhuthachan Puraskaram
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue
- Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
- Mathrubhumi Literary Award
- Muttathu Varkey Award
- O. N. V. Literary Award
- O. V. Vijayan Literary Award
- Odakkuzhal Award
- Padmarajan Award
- P. Kesavadev Literary Award
- Ulloor Award
- Vallathol Award
- Vayalar Award
- Ajijesh Pachat
- Akbar Kakkattil
- Anand
- Anita Nair
- Anoop Sasikumar
- Appu Nedungadi
- Ashitha
- Ashtamoorthi K. V.
- Aymanam John
- Babu Bharadwaj
- B. M. Suhara
- B. Sandhya
- C. Radhakrishnan
- C. V. Balakrishnan
- C. V. Raman Pillai
- C. V. Sreeraman
- Chandramathi
- Cherukad
- E. Harikumar
- E. Vasu
- G. R. Indugopan
- George Onakkoor
- Gracy
- I. K. K. Menon
- Jayasree Kalathil
- John Abraham
- Jose Panachippuram
- Joy J. Kaimaparamban
- K. J. Baby
- Arch Deacon Koshy
- K. L. Mohana Varma
- K. N. Ezhuthachan
- K. P. Nirmal Kumar
- K. P. Ramanunni
- K. R. Meera
- K. Rekha
- K. Surendran
- K. P. Joseph Kalarickal
- K. Thayat
- Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai
- Kakkanadan
- Kamala Surayya
- Kanam EJ
- Karunakaran
- Karur Neelakanta Pillai
- Khadija Mumtaz
- Kottayam Pushpanath
- Kovilan
- K. V. Anoop
- Lajo Jose
- Lalithambika Antharjanam
- M. Govindan
- M. Mukundan
- M. Sukumaran
- M. T. Vasudevan Nair
- Madampu Kunjukuttan
- Madhupal
- Malayath Appunni
- Malayattoor Ramakrishnan
- Mallika Yunis
- Muttathu Varkey
- N. Mohanan
- N. N. Pisharody
- N. P. Chellappan Nair
- N. P. Mohammed
- N. S. Madhavan
- Nandanar
- Narayan
- O. V. Vijayan
- Omchery N. N. Pillai
- Oyyarathu Chandu Menon
- P. Ayyaneth
- P. Surendran
- P. F. Mathews
- P. K. Balakrishnan
- P. Kesavadev
- P. R. Nathan
- P. R. Shyamala
- P. Surendran
- P. Valsala
- Padmarajan
- Pamman
- Parappurath
- Pattathuvila Karunakaran
- Paul Chirakkarode
- Paul Zacharia
- Perumbadavam Sreedharan
- Ponjikkara Rafi
- Ponkunnam Varkey
- Punathil Kunjabdulla
- Raghunath Paleri
- S. Hareesh
- S. K. Pottekkatt
- Santhosh Echikkanam
- Sarah Joseph
- Sarah Thomas
- Savithri Rajeevan
- Socrates K. Valath
- Sudhakar Mangalodayam
- Sethu
- Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu
- Sohanlal
- Sreekrishnapuram Krishnankutty
- Subhash Chandran
- T. P. Rajeevan
- T. Padmanabhan
- T. V. Kochubava
- T. V. Varkey
- Tatapuram Sukumaran
- Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
- Thikkodiyan
- Thomas Joseph
- U. A. Khader
- U. K. Kumaran
- Unnikrishnan Puthur
- Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode
- Uroob
- V. K. N.
- V. P. Sivakumar
- Vaikom Muhammad Basheer
- Vallachira Madhavan
- Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
- Vilasini
- Vinoy Thomas
- A. Ayyappan
- A. C. Sreehari
- A. R. Raja Raja Varma
- Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
- Arnos Pathiri
- Attoor Ravi Varma
- Balachandran Chullikkadu
- Balamani Amma
- Bodheswaran
- Chandiroor Divakaran
- Changampuzha Krishna Pillai
- Cherukad
- Cherusseri Namboothiri
- D. Vinayachandran
- Edappalli Raghavan Pillai
- Edasseri Govindan Nair
- G. Shankara Kurup
- Irayimman Thampi
- K. Ayyappa Paniker
- K. C. Kesava Pillai
- K. V. Ramakrishnan
- Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan
- Kadathanat Madhavi Amma
- Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan
- Kamala Surayya
- Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai
- Kavitha Balakrishnan
- Kumaran Asan
- Kunchan Nambiar
- Kureepuzha Sreekumar
- Lalitha Lenin
- M. Govindan
- M. P. Appan
- M. S. Banesh
- Manoj Kuroor
- Mary John Thottam
- Mohanakrishnan Kaladi
- Moyinkutty Vaidyar
- N. N. Kakkad
- N. V. Krishna Warrier
- Nalapat Narayana Menon
- Nellikkal Muraleedharan
- Niranam poets
- O. N. V. Kurup
- Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad
- P. Kunhiraman Nair
- P. P. Ramachandran
- Pala Narayanan Nair
- Poonthanam Namboothiri
- Pulikkottil Hyder
- Punaloor Balan
- Puthussery Ramachandran
- S. Joseph
- Satchidanandan
- Satyan Madakkara
- Savithri Rajeevan
- Sugathakumari
- Thirunalloor Karunakaran
- Tholan
- Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan
- Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer
- Unnayi Variyar
- V. Madhusoodanan Nair
- V. C. Balakrishna Panicker
- V. M. Girija
- Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja
- Vallathol Narayana Menon
- Vayalar Ramavarma
- Veerankutty
- Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup
- Vijayalakshmi
- Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri
- V Madhusoodanan Nair
- Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon
- Sreedevi Kakkad
- Annie Thayyil
- C. N. Ahmad Moulavi
- C. S. Venkiteswaran
- Joseph Mundassery
- K. M. Daniel
- K. P. Appan
- K. P. Sankaran
- K. Damodaran
- K. M. George
- Kesari Balakrishna Pillai
- Kozhikodan
- Kuttikrishna Marar
- Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai
- M. K. Sanu
- M. Krishnan Nair (author)
- M. Leelavathy
- M. N. Karassery
- M. N. Vijayan
- M. P. Paul
- M. R. Chandrasekharan
- Narendra Prasad
- O. V. Vijayan
- P. Surendran
- S. Guptan Nair
- S. Rajasekharan
- Sabeena Rafi
- Sanjayan
- Sukumar Azhikode
- V. C. Sreejan
- V. T. Bhattathiripad
- Vijayakrishnan
- V. V. K. Valath
Grammarians
- Aalahayude Penmakkal
- Aalohari Anandam
- Aadujeevitham
- Aarachaar
- Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal
- Anal Haq
- Anargha Nimisham
- Anuragathinte Dinangal
- Agnisakshi
- Ara Nazhika Neram
- Arabi Ponnu
- Arohanam
- Asuravithu
- Avakasikal
- Ayussinte Pusthakam
- Balyakalasakhi
- Barsa
- Chemmeen
- Cheviyorkkuka! Anthimakahalam
- Daivathinte Vikrithikal
- Delhi Gadhakal
- Enmakaje
- Ente Katha
- Ente Thankam
- Francis Itty Cora
- Gurusagaram
- Indulekha
- Kaalam
- Kayar
- Kesavante Vilapangal
- Khasakkinte Itihasam
- Kocharethi
- Kundalatha
- Manju (novel)
- Manushyanu Oru Aamukham
- Maranathinte Nizhalil
- Marthandavarma
- Mathilukal
- Maya
- Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil
- Mucheettukalikkarante Makal
- Mullappoo Niramulla Pakalukal
- Muthassi
- Naadan Premam
- Naalukettu
- Nakshathrangale Kaaval
- Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu
- Odayil Ninnu
- Ormayude Arakal
- Oru Desathinte Katha
- Oru Sankeerthanam Pole
- Oru Theruvinte Katha
- Othappu
- Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha
- Pathummayude Aadu
- Peruvazhiyambalam
- Ponni
- Pravasam
- Premalekhanam
- Randamoozham
- Randidangazhi
- Rathinirvedam
- Sarada
- Shabdangal
- Smarakasilakal
- Sufi Paranja Katha
- Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum
- Thottiyude Makan
- Ummachu
- Vasanavikriti
- Vasanthathile Poomarangal
- Verukal
- Viddikalude Swargam
- Visappu
- Yakshi
- Yanthram
- Atmopadesa Śatakam
- Daiva Daśakaṁ
- Jnanappana
- Omanathinkal Kidavo
- Makarakoythu
- Puthen Pana
- Ramanan (play in verse)
- Rani (poem)
- Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam
- Unnuneeli Sandesam
- Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu
- Krishnagatha
- Arabi Malayalam
- Arabi Malayalam script
- Chakara
- Malayalam grammar
- Malayalam poetry
- Mathrubhumi Yearbook
- Jewish copper plate
- Judeo-Malayalam
- Malayalam script
- Malayalam triumvirate poets
- Malayanma
- Mannan language
- Mappila dialect
- Mozhi (transliteration)
- Mullu Kurumba language
- Pandy Malayalam
- Romanisation of Malayalam
- Templates
- Category
- WikiProject
- India portal