Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina

Maria Teresa Cybo^[1]-Malaspina (29 June 1725 – 29 December 1790) was sovereign Duchess of Massa and Princess of Carrara from 1731 until her death in 1790. From 1780, she also formally held the title of Duchess consort of Modena and Reggio as the wife Ercole III d'Este.

Life

Childhood

Maria Teresa was born on 29 June 1725 in Novellara. She was the eldest daughter of Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina [it] (1690-1731), Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara, and his wife, Countess Ricciarda Gonzaga di Novellara [it] (1698-1768). As the ducal couple had no sons, and Salic law had been repealed in Massa and Carrara by a 1529 decree of Emperor Charles V,^[2] she was her father's heiress. When he died on 18 August 1731, Maria Teresa succeeded him aged six, under the regency of her mother.

Marriage and adulthood

Her position as the sovereign of two states made Maria Teresa an attractive match. The Austrian military commander Prince Eugene of Savoy, who was from a cadet branch of the family, saw the possibility of a second Savoy state in central Italy. With the approval of Emperor Charles VI and the head of the House of Savoy, King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, he proposed a marriage between Maria Teresa and the only male descendant of his family, his great-nephew Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons.^[3] The marriage contract was signed in Vienna on 2 May 1732, and in October the seventeen-year-old Count visited his seven-year-old bride. He died on 23 November 1734, and the wedding never took place.^[4]

The Emperor continued his interest in the marriage of the Duchess of Massa. Some German princes proposed themselves, but he chose Ercole Rinaldo d'Este, the last scion of his house, and two years younger than Maria Teresa.^[5] For the House of Este, which ruled the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, the two small Tuscan states meant regaining access to the sea.^[6] For the next few years, however, Maria Teresa's mother refused to consider further candidates due to her daughter's young age,^[7] despite her dependence on imperial favour. She hoped to officially inherit her family's County of Novellara and Bagnolo, an imperial fief left vacant upon the childless death of her brother Filippo Alfonso Gonzaga [it] and temporarily entrusted to her administration. In 1737, however, it was finally assigned to the Duke of Modena.^[8]

When Maria Teresa turned twelve in the same year 1737, the Emperor insisted again: Ricciarda's uncle, Marquis Carlo Filiberto II d'Este-San Martino [it] (1678 –1752), was instructed to go to Massa and reopen negotiations on behalf of Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena, father of the groom. The regent consented and the marriage contract was signed on 20 March 1738. By virtue of it the bride was given a large dowry of one hundred thousand scudi, and it was agreed that, after the wedding, she should call upon her husband as co-ruler of her states. For his part, the Duke of Modena undertook to increase by twenty thousand scudi, with his own funds, each of the dowries established for Maria Teresa's two younger sisters by their late father. As the newly invested Count of Novellara, he also pledged to allow the separation, in favour of Ricciarda Gonzaga, of her family's allodial estates from the county's feudal rights, and to leave her the full governance of the fiefdom for life, "so that the transferor would retain but his sovereign rights, of which he may not divest himself."^[9]

The marriage was postponed until 1741, when Ercole would turn fourteen. The wedding was celebrated by proxy in Massa on 16 April, with Maria Teresa's great-uncle, Carlo Filiberto d'Este-San Martino representing her husband.^[10] The bride remained in her homeland until the autumn but started an intense correspondence with her father-in-law, showing how warmly she welcomed the marriage.^[11]

Relations between the spouses were immediately contentious. Ercole had been forced into the marriage by his father and showed a profound intolerance towards his wife (which over time would grow into disgust).^[12] He made public displays of contempt towards her, threatening to send her back to Massa, and asked her to have their marriage annulled, saying 'Look, I understand that you are not for me and I am not for you, so tell the Duke that I will be content'. The Duchess reported these words to her great-uncle, complaining of her treatment:

Thus, I have lost my nerve in this: in any case I intend to try, obliging him with a world of niceties, and, if I do not even succeed in this way, I would then beg your assistance in dissolving this marriage. I am not only afflicted by the present but even more by thinking of the future, considering that if these first months have been so distressing for me, when for all others they are joyful, what will come in the future of having to live with such bad-hearted people. Forgive me for writing so poorly, but I write from bed, because it is necessary for me to withdraw from sight in order not to be seen, being so restricted and always having a hundred eyes on me. I pray you convey my regards to the Marquise and your little ladies, to whom I wish a better fate than I have had, and again I recommend myself with all reverence.

— Quoted in Alessandro Giulini, Nuovi documenti per le nozze Cybo Estensi, pp. 279-280

In June 1744, having reached the age of majority, she was invested as ruler of the Duchy of Massa and Principality of Carrara by Emperor Charles VII^[13] and took over ruling from her mother,^[14] who continued to assist her during her absences until her death in 1768.

Maria Teresa's relationship with her husband continued to be tense at least until mid-1745, exacerbated by his extramarital affairs. He made no attempt to even hide them despite Maria Teresa's repeated appeals to her father-in-law and his admonitions to his son.^[15] The marriage improved during the time they spent in exile in Venice following the Austro-Piedmontese occupation. 'I will tell you', Maria Teresa wrote to her father-in-law in December 1746, 'that I am very happy with the prince, as he has completely changed and has modified his manners [...] You will have the consolation when you come of seeing us get along together in very good harmony'.^[16]

As a results of this short period of harmony, the couple had their first child and only daughter, Maria Beatrice in 1750. When Maria Teresa gave birth to their only son in 1753 (who died in infancy), it was believed that there would be no more children due to the deterioration in their relationship. This would mean the extinction of the main branch of the House of Este, as Salic law excluded Maria Beatrice from the succession.^[17] Thus, in 1753, a double treaty was made with the House of Habsburg-Lorraine betrothing the Princess to Empress Maria Theresa's third son. The Arcduke was designated as successor by the Duke of Modena in case of the extinction of the Este.^[18] The Habsburgs promised never to annex the Este duchies to their own domains but to preserve them distinctly as a sort of tertiogeniture under the new dynasty of Austria-Este.^[19]

Maria Teresa and Ercole unofficially separated. In January 1768, Ercole formally asked his father to recognise their separation.^[20] Maria Teresa distanced herself from the court, visiting her Tuscan states in the summer and withdrawing often to Reggio Emilia, capital of Reggio,^[21] residing in the Palazzo della Cittadella.^[22] From 1771, she lived permanently in Reggio Emilia, with rare formal appearances in Modena.^[21] She was sometimes visited by her daughter and son-in-law, Ferdinand Karl of Habsburg-Lorraine.^[23]

Death

Maria Teresa died on 29 December 1790 in Reggio Emilia, at the age of 65, and was buried in the Basilica della Ghiara.^[24] She was succeeded by her daughter.

Issue

Maria Teresa and Ercole III had 2 children:

• Maria Beatrice Ricciarda (7 April 1750 – 14 November 1829); married Archduke Ferdinand Karl in 1771, and became the Archduchess of Austria-Este. Had issue.
• Rinaldo Francesco (4 January 1753 – 5 May 1753); died in infancy.

Ancestry

Notes

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References

• Chiappini, Luciano (1967). Gli Estensi (in Italian). Milan: Dall'Oglio.
• Giulini, Alessandro (1924). "Nuovi documenti per le nozze Cybo Estensi". Atti e memorie della R. Deputazione di storia patria per le provincie modenesi. Series VII (in Italian). Vol. III. Modena: Società Tipografica Modenese. pp. 276–280.
• Raffo, Olga (2003). Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina d'Este : sovrana illuminata, donna triste (in Italian). In Il tempo delle donne, le donne del tempo (work in two volumes). Lucca: Pacini Fazi editore. ISBN 88-7246-593-1.
• Rombaldi, Odoardo (1967). Storia di Novellara (in Italian). Reggio nell'Emilia: AGE.
• Viani, Giorgio (1808). Memorie della famiglia Cybo e delle monete di Massa di Lunigiana (in Italian). Pisa: Ranieri Prosperi. p. 59 e ss.