Herman Gummerus
Herman Gummerus | |
---|---|
Herman Gummerus | |
Born | Herman Gregorius Gummerus (1877-12-24)24 December 1877 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire |
Died | 18 July 1948(1948-07-18) (aged 70) Helsinki, Finland |
Citizenship | Finnish |
Occupation | Classics lecturer |
Employer | University of Helsinki |
Known for | Politician, diplomat |
Political party | Patriotic People's Movement |
Herman Gregorius Gummerus (24 December 1877 – 18 July 1948) was a leading Finnish classical scholar, diplomat, and one of the founders of the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL).
Early life
Born in Saint Petersburg into a Swedish speaking family, Gummerus became an expert on the economy and society of Ancient Rome, and lectured at the University of Helsinki from 1911 to 1920 and again from 1926 to 1947.[1] He initially studied in Helsinki, and then specialized in ancient history under the direction of Eduard Meyer in the University of Berlin.[2]
Career
Academic
His studies on Rome were particularly concerned with rural life in the later period of the empire, a subject upon which he wrote widely.[3] Gummerus' doctoral dissertation Der römische Gutsbetrieb als wirtschaftlicher Organismus nach den Werken des Cato, Varro und Columella (1906) examined large Roman estates using mainly literary sources.[4] He further examined the economic system of the Roman empire in an article (Industrie und Handel, RE IX (1916), coll. 1381–1535) published in the Pauly–Wissowa classical encyclopedia, this time systematically using Archeological artifacts in his study.[5] Gummerus' technique predated the work of Michael Rostovtzeff by a decade.
Political
An early advocate of Finnish independence, Gummerus was imprisoned for this in 1904, spending time in Peter and Paul Fortress.[6] He went on to edit the journal Framtid and before forming the anti-Russification Wetterhof Bureau (later Finnish Bureau) in Germany in 1915.[1] After independence had been achieved Gummerus was appointed to posts in Stockholm and Kiev, where he had extended his anti-Russian activity and where he helped set up a legation during Ukraine's brief independence.[7] He became Envoy to Rome in 1920 (a post he held until 1925) and developed an admiration for the growing fascist movement whilst in Italy.[1]
On his return to Finland, and with the leaders of the Lapua Movement mostly imprisoned, he joined with Erkki Räikkönen, a fellow Swedish-speaker, and Vilho Annala to form IKL as a slightly more moderate continuation. Driven by an inherent conservatism, Gummerus desired an electoral alliance with the National Coalition Party but soon found that the rank and file of IKL had no interest in this.[1] IKL also adopted a strong position on the importance of the Finnish language, following the lead of the Academic Karelia Society and further isolating the Swedish-speaking Gummerus. He finally left the movement in 1934 and took no further role in active politics.[1]
Despite his linguistic identity Gummerus went on to criticize Sweden, attacking the Blue Book of former Swedish foreign minister Johannes Hellner, which claimed that Sweden had only been interested in cultivating Finland as a good neighbour in the Åland crisis. Gummerus argued that, whilst this may have been the case, Swedish attitudes towards the newly independent country where such that a state of mistrust and suspicion was engendered between the two countries.[8]
Bibliography
- Der römische Gutsbetrieb (1905)
- Die Fonden der Kolonnen (1908)
- Aktiva kampår (1925)
- Jägare och aktivister (1927)
References
- ^ a b c d e Rees, Philip: Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 168.
- ^ Weber, Max: The agrarian sociology of ancient civilizations. NLB, 1976, p. 46.
- ^ Honigsheim, Paul & Sica, Alan: The Unknown Max Weber. Transaction Publishers, 2000, p. 63.
- ^ Weber (1976), p. 385.
- ^ Mikhail Ivanovitch Rostovtzev, The Social and economic history of the Roman empire, Vol. 2, Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1963, p. 505
- ^ 'Students of Finland Denounce Russian Rule'.
- ^ Ambassador René Nyberg on Finnish-Ukrainian relations. Archived 2005-08-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ H. Gummerus: Sverige och Finland 1917/18. Stockholm: Holger Schildt, 1936.
- v
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- Academic Karelia Society
- Blue Cross
- Blue-and-Blacks
- Finnish Realm Union
- Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
- Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
- Front Soldier League
- Finnish People's Organisation
- Finnish Labor Front
- Labor Organisation of Brothers-in-Arms
- Lalli Alliance of Finland
- Lapua Movement
- Organisation of National Socialists
- National Socialists of Finland
- National Socialist Union of Finland
- National Trade Union Confederation of Finland
- NSDAP/AO Finnland
- Party of Finnish Labor
- Patriotic Citizens of Viitasaari
- Patriotic People's Movement
- Patriotic People's Party
- People's Community Society
- Rising Finland
- Stormers
- Vientirauha
- Atomwaffen Division Finland
- Blue-and-Black Movement
- Blue and White Front
- Finns Party
- Finnish People First
- Finnish People's Blue-Whites
- For Independence
- Freedom Alliance
- Kohti Vapautta!
- Nordic Resistance Movement
- Patriotic People's Movement
- Power Belongs to the People
- Suomen Sisu
- Soldiers of Odin
- Truth Party (Finland)
- Reino Ala-Kulju
- Vilho Annala
- Torsten Aminoff
- Hjalmar von Bonsdorff
- Severin Dobrovolsky
- Kai Donner
- Johan Christian Fabritius
- Petter Forsström
- C. A. J. Gadolin
- Herman Gummerus
- Yrjö von Grönhagen
- Bertel Gripenberg
- Reidar Hedman
- Vilho Helanen
- Gunnar von Hertzen
- Carl-Gustaf Herlitz
- Antti Isotalo
- Y. W. Jalander
- Karl Jansson
- Kustaa Jussila
- Kaarlo Kares
- Hans Kalm
- Arvi Kalsta
- Rauno Kallia
- Toivo Karanko
- Edvard Karvonen
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- Olavi Karpalo
- Yrjö Kivenoja
- Juhani Konkka
- Vihtori Kosola
- Jussi Leino
- Gunnar Lindqvist
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- Jussi Muilu
- Iisakki Nikkola
- Vietti Nykänen
- Thorvald Oljemark
- Johannes Öhquist
- Unto Parvilahti
- Martti Pihkala
- Otto Piisinen
- Boris Popper
- Niilo Rauvala
- Erkki Räikkönen
- Hilja Riipinen
- John Rosberg
- Yrjö Ruutu
- Yrjö Saarinen
- Antti Salamaa
- Bruno Salmiala
- Kaarlo Salovaara
- Jaakko Seise
- Elias Simojoki
- Teo Snellman
- Arne Somersalo
- Paavo Susitaival
- Paavo Talvela
- Eino Tuomivaara
- Örnulf Tigerstedt
- Jukka Tyrkkö
- Ensio Uoti
- Mauno Vannas
- Kurt Martti Wallenius
- Artturi Vuorimaa
- James Hirvisaari
- Esa Henrik Holappa [fi]
- Juha Kärkkäinen [fi]
- Jouni Lanamäki [fi]
- Seppo Lehto
- Junes Lokka
- Olavi Mäenpää
- Pekka Siitoin
- Ano Turtiainen
- Assassination of Heikki Ritavuori
- Murder of Onni Happonen
- Murder of Erik Mättö [fi]
- Murder of Yrjö Holm [fi]
- Mäntsälä rebellion
- Peasant March
- Ståhlberg kidnapping
- Vaasa riot
- Kursiivi printing house arson
- 1986 Oulu airplane hijacking attempt [fi]
- Jyväskylä library stabbing
- Helsinki Central Railway Station assault [fi]
- Assassination attempt of Pekka Kataja [fi]
- Kankaanpää terrorism arrests