Battle of Antivari
1914 sea battle of World War I
42°06′00″N 19°05′00″E / 42.1000°N 19.0833°E / 42.1000; 19.0833
France 
United Kingdom
Austria-Hungary Augustin Lapeyrère
Paul Pachner10 pre-dreadnoughts
6 armoured cruisers
1 protected cruiser
20+ destroyers
1 destroyer
2 destroyers damaged
50+ wounded
1 destroyer damaged
1 protected cruiser sunk
- v
- t
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Mediterranean Operations 1914–1918
- Goeben and Breslau
- Dardanelles
- U-boat Campaign
- Convoy operations
- Blockade of Europe
- Adriatic Campaign
- Antivari
- Raid on Porto Buso
- Ancona
- Vieste
- 1st Durazzo
- Eastern Mediterranean
- Strait of Otranto
- USN operations
- Imbros
- Bakar
- 2nd Durazzo
- Pula
The Battle of Antivari or Action off Antivari was a naval engagement between a large fleet of French and British warships and two ships of the Austro-Hungarian navy at the start of the First World War. The old Austrian protected cruiser SMS Zenta and the destroyer SMS Ulan were blockading the Montenegrin port of Antivari, when on 16 August 1914, they were surprised and cut off by a large Anglo-French force that had sortied into the Adriatic. Zenta fought and was destroyed, to give Ulan a chance to escape, which she did. The ships of the Austrian fleet at Cattaro, unaware of events, did not come out of port to meet the Allied fleet. After blockading the Adriatic for a short while the French were forced to withdraw due to a lack of supplies.
Background
When war broke out between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Montenegro, the Austro-Hungarians began a blockade of the Montenegrin coast as well as several bombardments of various towns including the port of Antivari (today Bar), where the protected cruiser SMS Zenta and destroyer SMS Ulan were stationed. The French Navy had decided to try to force the Austro-Hungarian Navy into a decisive fleet action by making a sortie into the Adriatic and bait the Austrians into engaging them. The Allied force consisted of two dreadnought battleships, 10 pre-dreadnought battleships, four armoured cruisers, one protected cruiser and more than 20 destroyers. According to Austro-Hungarian naval records, the main force of the Austro-Hungarian fleet was unaware of the Allied presence until SMS Ulan radioed them as she escaped from the battle.
Battle
The Allied Fleet managed to cut off Zenta from the main Austro-Hungarian naval base at Cattaro. Badly outnumbered, Zenta's commander, Captain Paul Pachner, decided to fight to allow Ulan to escape. Zenta also had a serious disadvantage because her 120 mm guns were significantly outranged by the heavier guns on the Allied ships. The French battleships scored many hits on Zenta without suffering any damage. Zenta was sunk with 173 men killed and over 50 wounded but the sacrifice enabled Ulan to escape.[1]
Aftermath
Unaware of the situation outside Antivari until it was virtually over, that part of the Austro-Hungarian fleet stationed at Cattaro did not sortie to give battle as the French had hoped. French ships were not damaged by Austrian gunfire however 3 major guns exploded while firing, and the following day Justice, Démocratie, and two destroyers were damaged in a series of collisions. The action ended the Austro-Hungarian blockade of Montenegro which was a success for the Entente.[2] The French fleet could not remain in the Adriatic for long and had to return to Malta periodically for supplies.[3]
Order of battle
- Courbet, dreadnought battleship, flagship
- Jean Bart, dreadnought battleship
- 1st Battle squadron
- Voltaire, pre-dreadnought battleship, Division Flagship
- Vergniaud, pre-dreadnought battleship
- Diderot, pre-dreadnought battleship, Squadron Flagship
- Danton, pre-dreadnought battleship
- Condorcet, pre-dreadnought battleship
- 2nd Battle squadron
- Vérité, pre-dreadnought battleship, Squadron Flagship
- Justice, pre-dreadnought battleship
- Démocratie, pre-dreadnought battleship
- Patrie, pre-dreadnought battleship, Division Flagship
- République, pre-dreadnought battleship
- 1st Light Division
- Ernest Renan, armoured cruiser
- Edgar Quinet, armoured cruiser
- 2nd Light Division
- Victor Hugo, armoured cruiser
- Jules Ferry, armoured cruiser
- Jurien de la Gravière, protected cruiser
- 3 Destroyer Squadrons
- HMS Warrior, armoured cruiser
- HMS Defence, armoured cruiser
- 4 Destroyers
- Blockade Force
- SMS Zenta, protected cruiser
- SMS Ulan, destroyer
- Auxiliary Force
- SMS Monarch (1895)
- SMS Panther (1885)
- 2 Destroyers
Notes
- ^ Koburger 2001, p. 33.
- ^ Tucker 2014, p. 116.
- ^ Koburger 2001, p. 35.
References
- Koburger, Charles W. Jr. (2001). The Central Powers in the Adriatic, 1914–1918: War in a Narrow Sea. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-97071-0.
- Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection (illus., rev. ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-965-8.
Further reading
- Halpern, P. G. (1995) [1994]. A Naval History of World War I (pbk. UCL Press, London ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-85728-498-4.
